Lesson 16 Y words

Question 1

impairment
noun [ U ]
UK /ɪmˈpeə.mənt/ US /ɪmˈper.mənt/

Answer 1

ухудшение, повреждение, обесценивание
the act of spoiling something or making it weaker so that it is less effective

MEDICAL specialized
deterioration in the functioning of a body part, organ, or system that can be temporary or permanent and can result from injury or disease:
- Renal impairment needs to be treated urgently.

ACCOUNTING
a situation in which the value of an asset is recorded as being greater than the amount of money that it could be sold for:
- CPAs should test for impairment when the market price of a long-lived asset significantly decreases.
- asset impairment

Question 2

whereas
conjunction
UK /weərˈæz/ US /werˈæz/

Answer 2

тогда как
compared with the fact that; but:
- He must be about 60, whereas his wife looks about 30.
- You eat a huge plate of food for lunch, whereas I have just a sandwich.
- She actually enjoys confrontation, whereas I prefer a quiet life.
- In Los Angeles, a chief cause of this pollution is paved-road dust, whereas in San Diego, it’s smoke from fireplaces.

Question 3

novel
adjective
UK /ˈnɒv.əl/ US /ˈnɑː.vəl/

Answer 3

new and original, not like anything seen before:

• a novel idea/suggestion
• Keeping a sheep in the garden is a novel way of keeping the grass short!

Question 4

extensive
adjective
UK /ɪkˈsten.sɪv/ US /ɪkˈsten.sɪv/

Answer 4

covering a large area; having a great range:

• a school with extensive grounds
• extensive repairs to the motorway

Extensive also means wide in range and including much detailed information:

• Her knowledge of music is extensive.
• Foster did extensive research on electromagnetic fields.
• The wedding received extensive coverage in the newspapers (= it was written about a lot).

Question 5

affect
verb [ T ]
UK /əˈfekt/ US /əˈfekt/

Answer 5

to have an influence on someone or something, or to cause a change in someone or something:

• Both buildings were badly affected by the fire.
• The divorce affected every aspect of her life.
• It’s a disease that affects mainly older people.
• I was deeply affected by the film (= it caused strong feelings in me).

affect verb [T] (PRETEND)
formal
to pretend to feel or think something:
- To all his problems she affected indifference.

formal mainly disapproving
to start to wear or do something in order to make people admire or respect you:
- At university he affected an upper-class accent.
- He’s recently affected a hat and cane.

Question 6

conscientious
adjective
UK /ˌkɒn.ʃiˈen.ʃəs/ US /ˌkɑːn.ʃiˈen.ʃəs/

Answer 6

добросовестный, сознательный, честный
putting a lot of effort into your work:
- a conscientious student

feeling a moral responsibility to do your work carefully and to be fair to others:
- She was a conscientious worker, and I’ll miss her.

Question 7

leverage
verb [ T ]
UK /ˈliː.vər.ɪdʒ/ US /ˈlev.ɚ.ɪdʒ/

Answer 7

to use something that you already have, such as a resource, in order to achieve something new or better:

• This new strategy is about leveraging the relationships we have with our customers.
• leverage sth into sth If you enjoy the work, it should be - possible to leverage your temporary assignment into a full-time job.

to use borrowed money for investments, esp. in order to buy a large enough part of a business so that you can control it:

• They can leverage a very small investment into millions of dollars.
• The money could be used to leverage millions of additional dollars.

Question 8

throughout
preposition, adverb
UK /θruːˈaʊt/ US /θruːˈaʊt/

Answer 8

in every part, or during the whole period of time:

• People throughout the country are out of work.
• He yawned throughout the performance.
• The school has been repainted throughout.
• She’s been leading throughout the race, but it now looks as if she’s tiring.
• We’ll update you on this news story throughout the day.
• He stayed by her side throughout her long illness.
• The room has been decorated in pastel shades throughout.
• He was faithful to his wife throughout their 30-year marriage.

Question 9

vested interest
noun
UK /ˌves.tɪd ˈɪn.tər.est/ US /ˌves.tɪd ˈɪn.t̬ɚ.est/

Answer 9

a strong personal interest in something because you could get an advantage from it:
- As both a teacher and parent, she had a vested interest in seeing the school remain open.

people or organizations who have a financial or personal interest in a business, company, or existing system:
-A compromise has to be reached between all the powerful vested interests before any restoration work in the city can take place.

Question 10

examine
verb [ T ]
UK /ɪɡˈzæm.ɪn/ US /ɪɡˈzæm.ɪn/

Answer 10

examine verb [T] (LOOK AT CAREFULLY)
B2
to look at or consider a person or thing carefully and in detail in order to discover something about them:
- Forensic scientists are examining the wreckage for clues about the cause of the explosion.
- The council is to examine ways of reducing traffic in the city centre.
- The research examined the effects of alcohol on long-term memory.
- [ + question word ] We need to examine how an accident like this can be avoided in the future.
- A psychiatrist was examined (= asked questions) on the mental state of the defendant.

examine verb [T] (TEST)
C2
to test someone’s knowledge or skill in a particular subject:
- We were examined on European history.
UK You’ll be examined in three main areas; speaking, listening, and reading comprehension.

to check or study something carefully, especially to prove an idea, learn new information, or discover possible problems:

• thoroughly/closely/carefully examine sth
• The company’s financial statements will then be thoroughly examined by an independent auditor.
• be examined by sb
• Before filing your tax return you may wish to have it examined by a certified tax specialist.

Question 11

whether
conjunction
UK /ˈweð.ər/ US /ˈweð.ɚ/

Answer 11

(used especially in reporting questions and expressing doubts) if, or not:

• I wasn’t sure whether you’d like it.
• She asked me whether I was interested in working for her.
• I’m wondering whether to have the fish or the beef.
• I doubt whether it’ll work.
• I was merely questioning whether we have the money to fund such a project.
• It all depends on whether or not she has the time.
• Anyway, it’s a good story, whether or not it’s true.

whether…or
B1
(used to introduce two or more possibilities) it is not important if:
- I’m going, whether she likes it or not.
- Someone has to tell her, whether it’s you or me.
- Let’s face it - you’re going to be late whether you go by bus or train.

If, whether: typical errors
We use whether, not if, before to-infinitives:
- I don’t know whether to buy the blue one or the red one
- Not: I don’t know if to buy the blue one …

We use whether, not if, directly before or not:

• Can you tell me whether or not you’re interested in the job.
• Not: Can you tell me if or not you’re interested …

We use whether, not if, after prepositions:
[talking about a trip to Australia for a year]
- We’re not interested in whether we get great jobs and that kind of thing, we just want to have a good time.
- Not: We’re not interested in if we get great jobs and that kind of thing …

Question 12

expectancy
noun [ U ]
UK /ɪkˈspek.tən.si/ US /ɪkˈspek.tən.si/

Answer 12

ожидание, предвкушение, вероятность, упование
the feeling that something exciting or pleasant is going to happen:
- There was a general air of expectancy in the crowd.

the quality or state of expecting; expectation; anticipatory belief or desire.
the state of being expected.
an object of expectation; something expected.

Question 13

onset
noun
UK /ˈɒn.set/ US /ˈɑːn.set/

Answer 13

the onset of sth

the moment at which something unpleasant begins:

• the onset of winter
• The new treatment can delay the onset of the disease by several years.
• We have to get the roof fixed before the onset of winter.

(of an illness or medical condition) starting at the stated time or in the stated way:

• early-onset dementia
• sudden-onset hearing loss

Question 14

point sth out
— phrasal verb with point verb
UK /pɔɪnt/ US /pɔɪnt/

Answer 14

(tr, adverb) to indicate or specify

• She was quick to point out that it wasn’t her fault.
• They credited my account with $20 after I pointed out the error.
• The mechanic pointed out the repair on the front of my car.
• The curator guided us round the gallery, pointing out the most famous paintings in the collection.
• A couple of alert readers wrote in to the paper pointing out the mistake.

Question 15

reveal
verb [ T ]
UK /rɪˈviːl/ US /rɪˈviːl/

Answer 15

to make known or show something that is surprising or that was previously secret:

• He was jailed for revealing secrets to the Russians.
• [ + that ] Her biography revealed that she was not as rich as everyone thought.
• [ + question word ] He would not reveal where he had hidden her chocolate eggs.

to make known or show something usually secret or hidden:

• She revealed her history to him because she thought it was important.
• [ + that clause ] X-rays revealed that my ribs had been cracked but not broken.

to allow something to be seen that, until then, had been hidden:
- A gap in the clouds revealed the Atlantic far below.

Question 16

burial
noun [ C or U ]
UK /ˈber.i.əl/ US /ˈber.i.əl/

Answer 16

the act of putting a dead body into the ground, or the ceremony connected with this:
- We went back to Ireland for my uncle’s burial.

Question 17

staple
adjective [ before noun ]
UK /ˈsteɪ.pəl/ US /ˈsteɪ.pəl/

Answer 17

basic or main; standard or regular:

• The staple diet here is mutton, fish and boiled potatoes.
• Prices of staple foods such as wheat and vegetables have also been increasing.
• Her latest film is the staple offering of action and comedy that we have come to expect.

основной (о продуктах потребления или предметах торговли);
chief or prominent among the products exported or produced by a country or district; chiefly or largely dealt in or consumed.
staple adjective [not gradable] (BASIC )
basic or main:
- staple foods

Question 18

glazed
adjective
UK /ɡleɪzd/ US /ɡleɪzd/

Answer 18

glazed adjective (GLASS)
made of or containing glass:
- All the rooms have glazed doors.
- Use the glazed cupboards to display attractive china.
- This will become a glazed central atrium, with apartments leading off.
- The stylish rooms are open-air with no glazed windows.
- Some panels in the glazed canopy started to crack and fall on to the platforms below.

glazed adjective (LACKING EXPRESSION)
(of your eyes) still and not showing any emotion because you are bored or tired or have stopped listening:
- a glazed expression/look
- Noticing my slightly glazed eyes, he quickly summarized his points.

glazed adjective (SHINY)
having a shiny surface, made by putting a liquid substance onto something and leaving it or heating it to dry:
- The feast included spring onion pancakes with glazed duck breast.
- Portugal is renowned for its colourful and hand-painted glazed pottery and tiles.

Question 19

nomadic
adjective
UK /nəʊˈmæd.ɪk/ US /noʊˈmæd.ɪk/

Answer 19

кочевой, бродячий
moving from one place to another rather than living in one place all of the time:
- nomadic people/herdsmen
- a nomadic life/existence
- The dogs were used by the nomadic tribe to pull sleds and herd reindeer.
- The work can be exhausting and demands a nomadic existence in hotels and airports.
- Dating is an obvious problem with this nomadic lifestyle.

Question 20

brim
verb [ I ]
UK /brɪm/ US /brɪm/
-mm-

Answer 20

наполнять/ся до краев
to become full of something, especially a liquid:
- Her eyes brimmed with tears when she heard that he was alive.
- figurative His recent triumphs have left the tennis ace brimming (over) with (= full of) confidence and energy.
- Her eyes brimmed with tears.
- fig. She’s brimming with confidence.

Question 21

set out
— phrasal verb with set verb
UK /set/ US /set/
present participle setting | past tense and past participle set

Answer 21

собраться, вознамериться, взяться за какую-то деятельность
to start an activity with a particular aim:
- She set out with the aim of becoming the youngest ever winner of the championship.
- [ + to infinitive ] They set out to discover a cure for cancer.

to begin to carry out a plan of action:
- So many young people set out to change the world.

to start an activity with a particular aim:

• Some people set out with the deliberate intention of running their own business, others stumble into it.
• set out to do sth He set out to design software that would be accessible to employees outside the accounting department.

Question 22

mold
verb [ T ]
US /moʊld/

Answer 22

mold verb [T] (SHAPE)
to shape something into a particular form:
- She molded the clay into little animals.

Someone who molds someone else has an important influence on how that person develops:
- Parents help mold a child’s character.

Question 23

detergent
noun [ C or U ]
UK /dɪˈtɜː.dʒənt/ US /dɪˈtɝː.dʒənt/

Answer 23

моющее средство

a chemical substance in the form of a powder or a liquid for removing dirt from clothes, dishes, etc.

Question 24

pile
noun
UK /paɪl/ US /paɪl/

Answer 24

B1 [ C ]
objects positioned one on top of another:
- a pile of books
- a pile of dirty clothes

B1 [ C ]
a mass of something that has been placed somewhere:
- a large pile of sand

a pile of sth/piles of sth
informal
a lot of something:
- I’ve got piles/a pile of things to do today.

pile noun (COLUMN)
[ C ]
a strong column or post of wood, metal, or concrete that is pushed into the ground to help support a building

pile noun (SURFACE)
[ S ]
the soft surface made by the ends of many short threads on a carpet or on cloth such as velvet:
- a luxurious deep-pile carpet

pile noun (BUILDING)

[ C ] mainly humorous
a large building:
- They’ve got a great big Victorian pile somewhere out in the country.

Question 25

pile
verb
UK /paɪl/ US /paɪl/

Answer 25

pile verb (OBJECTS)
[ I or T, + adv/prep ]
(also pile up)
to arrange objects into a pile:
- We piled plenty of logs up next to the fire.
- Please pile your homework books neatly on the table as you leave.
- Her plate was piled (high) with salad.
- Snow had piled up against the walls.

pile verb (PEOPLE)
[ I usually + adv/prep ] informal
- (of a group of people) to move together, especially in an uncontrolled way:
- As soon as the train stopped, they all piled in/out.

pile verb (MOVE)
[ I always + adv/prep ]
(of a group of people) to move together, esp. in a way that is not organized:
- About ten kids piled into the room, all talking at once.
- Someone yelled “Fire!” and we all piled out into the street.

pile verb (THINGS)
[ always + adv/prep ]
to put (things) near or on top of each other, or to collect in this way:
- [ I ] Magazines just pile up on my desk at work.
- [ M ] I asked her to pile on extra potatoes.

Question 26

shed
verb [ T ]
UK /ʃed/ US /ʃed/
present participle shedding | past tense and past participle shed

Answer 26

пролить, проливать, терять, сбрасывать ..
verb (used with object), shed, shed·ding.
- to pour forth (water or other liquid), as a fountain.
- to emit and let fall, as tears.
- to impart or release; give or send forth (light, sound, fragrance, influence, etc.).
- to resist being penetrated or affected by: cloth that sheds water.
- to cast off or let fall (leaves, hair, feathers, skin, shell, etc.) by natural process.
- Textiles. to separate (the warp) in forming a shed.

verb (used without object), shed, shed·ding.

• to fall off, as leaves.
• to drop out, as hair, seed, grain, etc.
• to cast off hair, feathers, skin, or other covering or parts by natural process.

(often used in newspapers) to get rid of something you do not need or want:

• 900 jobs will be shed over the next few months.
• Psychotherapy helped him to shed some of his insecurity/inhibitions.
• I’m going on a diet to see if I can shed (= become thinner by losing) a few pounds.

to lose a covering, such as leaves, hair, or skin, because it falls off naturally, or to drop something in a natural way or by accident:

• The trees shed their leaves in autumn.
• They ran down to the water, shedding clothes as they went.
• UK A lorry had shed a load of gravel across the road.

shed tears, blood, etc.
C1
to allow tears or blood to flow:
- She shed a few tears at her daughter’s wedding.
- So much blood has been shed (= so many people have been badly hurt or killed) in this war.

Question 27

summit
noun [ C ]
UK /ˈsʌm.ɪt/ US /ˈsʌm.ɪt/

Answer 27

summit noun [C] (TOP)
the top or highest point, esp. of a mountain:
- We climbed to the summit of Mount Rainier.

summit noun [C] (MEETING)
a meeting of government leaders from several countries:
- The economic summit did not accomplish all that the President had hoped it would.

Question 28

upholstery
noun [ U ]
UK /ʌpˈhəʊl.stər.i/ US /ʌpˈhoʊl.stɚ.i/

Answer 28

обивка, обивочный материал
the cloth used for covering a seat and/or the substance used for filling it:
- an old sofa with faded green upholstery

Question 29

lodge
verb
UK /lɒdʒ/ US /lɑːdʒ/

Answer 29

lodge verb (STUCK)
[ I or T, usually + adv/prep ]
to (cause to) become stuck in a place or position:
- A fish bone had lodged in her throat.

lodge verb (STORE)
[ T usually + adv/prep ] mainly UK formal
to put something in a safe place:
- You should lodge a copy of the letter with your solicitor.

lodge verb (STAY)
[ I usually + adv/prep ] formal
to pay rent to stay somewhere:
- She lodged with Mrs Higgins when she first came to Cambridge.

lodge verb (COMPLAIN)
lodge a claim, complaint, protest, etc.
to make an official complaint about something:
- The US lodged a formal protest against the arrest of the foreign reporters.
- Lawyers said last night that they would be lodging an appeal against the sentence.

Question 30

stick
verb
UK /stɪk/ US /stɪk/
stuck | stuck

Answer 30

stick verb (FIX)
B1 [ I or T ]
to cause something to become fixed, for example with glue or another similar substance:
- I tried to stick the pieces together with some glue/tape.
- He stuck up an announcement on the board with pins.
- This glue won’t stick.
- My car’s stuck in the mud.
- Stir the sauce so that it doesn’t stick to the pan.
- My book got wet and all the pages have stuck together.

If a name sticks, it continues to be used:
- Although her name is Clare, her little sister called her Lali, and somehow the name stuck.

stick verb (PUT)
informal
to put something somewhere, especially in a not very careful way:
- “Where shall I put these books?” “Oh, just stick them on the table for now.”
- She stuck her fingers in her ears so that she couldn’t hear the noise.
- I’ll pay for lunch - I can stick it on my expenses.

[ T usually + adv/prep ] offensive
If you tell someone to stick something or where they can stick something, it means that you do not want to keep that thing:
- “I’ve had enough of working here,” she said, “You can stick your job!”

stick verb (PUSH INTO)
B2 [ I or T, usually + adv/prep ]
to push a pointed object into or through something, or (of a pointed object) to be pushed into or through something and stay there:
- She stuck the needle into my arm.
- We decided where to go for our holiday by closing our eyes and sticking a pin in the map.
- A thorn stuck in her finger.
- The metal springs were sticking through the mattress.

stick verb (NOT CONTINUE)
[ I ]
In some card games, if you stick, you say that you do not want to be given any more cards.

stick verb (ACCEPT)
[ T ] UK informal
to bear or accept something or someone unpleasant:
- I don’t think I can stick this job a day longer.
- [ + -ing verb ] I don’t know how you can stick living in this place.

Question 31

lint
noun [ U ]
UK /lɪnt/ US /lɪnt/

Answer 31

ворс

small loose pieces of cotton, wool, etc. that stick on the surface of a fabric, etc.

Question 32

intestinal
adjective MEDICAL specialized
UK /ˌɪnˈtes.tɪn.əl/ US /ˌɪnˈtes.tɪn.əl/

Answer 32

relating to the intestines (= a long tube through which food travels from the stomach and out of the body while it is being digested):

• intestinal surgery
• Foul-smelling brown vomit can be a symptom of low intestinal obstruction.

Question 33

inflammation
noun [ C or U ]
UK /ˌɪn.fləˈmeɪ.ʃən/ US /ˌɪn.fləˈmeɪ.ʃən/

Answer 33

воспаление, раздражение
a red, painful, and often swollen area in or on a part of your body:
- Aspirin reduces pain and inflammation.
- an inflammation of the eye/toe/ear

Question 34

induce
verb formal
UK /ɪnˈdjuːs/ US /ɪnˈduːs/

Answer 34

induce verb (PERSUADE)

[ T + obj + to infinitive ]
to persuade someone to do something:
- They induced her to take the job by promising editorial freedom.
- Nothing could induce me (= I definitely cannot be persuaded) to climb a mountain/ride a bike.

induce verb (CAUSE)
[ T ]
to cause something to happen:
- Pills for seasickness often induce drowsiness.

[ T ]
to use a drug to make a pregnant woman start giving birth:
- In this hospital, twins are often induced.

to make something happen or to persuade someone to do something:

• The aim of advertising is to induce brand loyalty.
• induce sb to do sth Salesmen may make untrue statements to try to induce you to buy the product.

Question 35

rug
noun [ C ]
UK /rʌɡ/ US /rʌɡ/

Answer 35

коврик, плед
a piece of thick heavy cloth smaller than a carpet, used for covering the floor or for decoration:
- My dog loves lying on the rug in front of the fire.

Question 36

pave
verb [ T ]
UK /peɪv/ US /peɪv/

Answer 36

устилать, мостить, проложить
to cover an area of ground with a hard, flat surface of pieces of stone, concrete, or bricks:
- The area near the beach is paved with bricks set in patterns.

pave the way (for/to sth)
to make it possible for someone to do something or for something to happen:
- This merger will revolutionize the industry and pave the way for more international alliances.

Question 37

flaw
noun [ C ]
UK /flɔː/ US /flɑː/

Answer 37

недостаток, изъян, ошибка, упущение
a fault, mistake, or weakness, especially one that happens while something is being planned or made, or that causes something not to be perfect:
- I returned the material because it had a flaw in it.
- There’s a fatal flaw in your reasoning.
- This report is full of flaws.
- a character flaw

Question 38

tingle
verb [ I ]
UK /ˈtɪŋ.ɡəl/ US /ˈtɪŋ.ɡəl/

Answer 38

to have a feeling as if a lot of sharp points are being put quickly and lightly into your body:

• My fingers and toes are tingling with the cold.
• There’s a line in that poem that makes my spine tingle every time I read it.

When you tingle with an emotion, such as excitement or fear, you feel it very strongly:
- She tingled with fear as she entered the dark alleyway.

Question 39

tingle
noun [ C ]
UK /ˈtɪŋ.ɡəl/ US /ˈtɪŋ.ɡəl/

Answer 39

покалывание, звон в ушах
a feeling as if a lot of sharp points are being put quickly and lightly into your body:
- There’s a slight tingle in my wrists.
- She stroked his head, sending tingles down his spine.