Lesson 15 - Body Tissue II

Question 1

Biotechnology

Answer 1

Use of biological organisms for human purposes/practical tasks

The technical application of biological
knowledge for human purposes

Ex: cheese and win
Selective breeding of livestock and crops

Breakthroughs: Insulin and rice (enriching)

Question 2

Recombinant DNA technology

Answer 2

Applied science that explores applications of cutting, splicing, and creating DNA

Recombined DNA
-DNA made in vitro from various DNA pieces
-Allows for DNA sequencing and gene manipulation

Take out the gene of human cell and move it somewhere else

Question 3

Genetic engineering

Answer 3

Manipulation of the genetic makeup of cells or whole organisms

Question 4

Restriction Enzymes

Answer 4

Cuts DNA molecule at specific DNA sequences (restriction sites)
-Can splice or copy DNA

Produces fragments with “sticky” ends
-can bond with sticky ends of other fragments

DNA ligase seals it all together

Question 5

Plasmids

Answer 5

small circular pieces of DNA to which desired genes can be added and
inserted into bacteria for amplification
(make more)

Question 6

DNA cloning

Answer 6

production of multiple copies of a specific gene or DNA segment

Mass production of protein or enzyme
Use of bacteria and plasmids

Question 7

CRISPR - Gene editing

Answer 7

Clustered regularly interspace short palindromic (sequences) repeats
-immune response form bacteria

-Can remove defective segments or inter new gene segments (cut and pastes)

Question 8

DNA microarrays

Answer 8

Testing for expression of many genes at once

DNA trays

Are you expressing the genes?

Question 9

Electrophoresis

Answer 9

DNA can be separated based on size and charge

DNA is placed through a gel and electric is run through

Negative DNA moves toward the positive end
Smaller fragments move farther and faster

Question 10

Copying DNA

Answer 10

Uses polymerase chain reaction, used to copy many chains of DNA
-this is a method called PCR

Makes millions of copies in a rapid process

Can be repeated 30-40 times

Question 11

PCR (dna copying)

Answer 11

DNA sample:

DNA is heated to separate two
strands

Cooling - DNA polymerase (Taq)
is used to replicate the strands
* Bases / primers present

Repeats many times

Question 12

Gene therapy

Answer 12

-Alteration of Gene
-Potential for treating disorders of a single defective gene
-uses various vectors for delivery of genes
(cut and replace faulty)

Has its issues:
-large scale production of human hormones
-production of safer vaccines

Question 13

Trangenetics (transgenic)

Answer 13

DNA from one species is inserted into
another, bacteria or other animals

For gene manipulation and genetic
engineering

Question 14

Genetic engineering

Answer 14

Is being used to improve agricultural productivity and food quality

Can insert genes for:
Larger plant size
Better flavour of plant
Better coats
Leaner meat
Faster maturation

Question 15

combining the two: Genetic Engineering Creates Transgenic Organisms

Answer 15

Transgenic bacteria have been developed to produce the following:

Insulin
Human growth hormone
Erythropoietin
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
Factor VIII (blood clotting factor needed by many
hemophiliacs)
Vaccines

Question 16

Transgenic plants

Answer 16

Allows for choice of traits
Eg. Seedless
Thinner skin
Larger size
Resistance

Transgenic plants have been modified to express the following:

Increased resistance to freezing
Longer shelf life
Increased vitamin A
Edible vaccines
Human proteins (i.e., albumin)
Increased resistance to pests

Ex: golden rice (more vitamin A) and ventria rice (high protein, human genes)

Concerns: Decreased biodiversity
Health risks
Are the products safe for consumption?
Procedure safe?
Environmental risks
Economic exploitation of regional farmers

Question 17

Transgenic animals

Answer 17

Contain genes from other organisms
- Injected desired gene into cell and incorporated

Bigger challenges:
-More difficult to introduce foreign DNA into animal cells
-Cloning more difficult

Eg. Bovine growth hormone
used to promote faster animal
growth

Engineered to be pharmaceutical “factories”

Human genes inserted into dairy animals and the desired human protein is then exported in the dairy
animal’s milk

Question 18

Is gene therapy the future?

Answer 18

Gene therapy:

Introduction of human genes into human cells to treat or correct a disease

Obstacles:

Difficult to introduce genes into the “right” cells, where the genes would normally be expressed

Need effective means of delivering genes

Question 19

Transgenic Therapy (Human)

Answer 19

Germ-line gene therapy
-Transgenic cells into stem cells
-Whole organism (new cells)

Somatic gene therapy
-Cells injected into tissue
-To correct disease
Eg. pancreas (existing cells)

Question 20

Vectors Transfer Genes to Human
Cells

Answer 20

Retroviruses:

-Human genes packaged in retroviruses
and introduced into human cells

Problems with retroviral vectors:
* Will only insert genes into dividing cells
* Insertion sites are random

Liposomes
-phospholipid capsule with DNA

Injecting naked DNA
(all experimental)

Question 21

Animal cloning

Answer 21

Totipotent cell: capable of generating a complete new organism

Cloning:
Using one or more somatic cells to make another genetically identical individual

Question 22

Nuclear transplantation

Answer 22

The nucleus of an unfertilized egg cell
or zygote is replaced with the nucleus of a differentiated cell

-low working rate
-most animals live short lives and develop properly

Question 23

Plants cloning

Answer 23

Great, easy cloners. Some differentiated cells are totipotent

Question 24

Stem cells

Answer 24

-relatively unspecialized cell
-Can reproduces indefinitely
-Can differentiate into many types of specialized cells - given appropriate conditions

Types:
Totipotent
-Can become any cell
-Embryonic

Pluripotent
-Can become all types of
adult cells (not embryonic)
-Bone marrow

Multi-potent
-Can become many types of
cells
Uni-potent

Can become one type
E.g. skin

Question 25

Cell differentiation

Answer 25

Different cell types result from different
gene expression in cells with the same DNA
-Differences in gene expression
-Not differences in the cells’ genomes