Lesson 11 - Cell Functions (1-28)

Question 1

Energy Production

Answer 1

Formation of ATP is the
- Cytosol (glycosis)
- Mitochondria ( TCA cycle and ETC)

most in mitochondira

Question 2

ATP (adenosine triphosphase)

Answer 2

-Cells energy shuttle
-Provides energy for cellular functions

We recycle energy, can never be created or broken

ATP to ADP is a release of energy, this is when the phosphate bond is broken

Metabolism = breaking the bond

Question 3

Possible fuel sources

Answer 3

Carbohydrates
- Monosaccarides – E.g. Glucose (C6H12O6), fructose
- Dissaccarides (e.g. Lactose, Sucrose), break bond and use for energy
- Polysaccarides (Starch)

Proteins
-Made up of amino Acids, not efficient

Fats
-Glyecol and Fatty acids, efficient and what hydrogen in ETC

Question 4

Cellular Respiration

Answer 4

Breakdown of glucose or other fuels in the presence of oxygen to yield ATP

4 Stages of cellular respiration
1. Glycosis - glycol (sugar) lysis (break), sugar breakdown
2. From cytosol to mitochondria “prep stage”
3. Citric acid cycle - blow apart molecule
4. Electron Transport system- once down to molecules out in ETC

Question 5

Co-Enzymes

Answer 5

Hydrogen shuttles, recycles

NAD+ becomes NADH (reduced)
FAD becomes FADH2

these second molecules = whole

Act as H+ shuttles (recycled)
-Move H+ and electrons to ETS

Question 6

Glycolysis

Answer 6

Breaks a 6 carbon sugar (Glucose) into two three carbon sugars called Pyruvate

No oxygen needed (anaerobic)

What gives us ATP is the energy from breaking a glucose into Pyruvate

Question 7

What goes into Glycolysis and what comes out

Answer 7

Two ATP and one glucose in

4 ATP out
-two new

2 NADH out
- Shuttled to ETS (for more ATP later)

2 Pyruvate

Net is 2-2-2

Question 8

Enzymes used in Glycolysis

Answer 8

1. Hexokinase (starts it)
2. Phosphofructokinase (controls speed)
3. Pyruvate kinase (finishes it)

Question 9

Transfer into mitochondria “prep step”

Answer 9

Loss of CO2

Irreversible (once CO2 is pulled off and in mitochondria)

Pyruvate becomes Acetyl CoA

Question 10

TCA Cycle

Answer 10

Occurs in mitochondrial matrix and is the final breakdown of the fuel molecule

1 Acetyl CoA turns into 3 NADH, 1 ATP, 1 FADH2 and CO2

This process repeats twice (2 cycles) therefor the Net gain is 6-2-2 (6 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 FADH2)

Co enzymes take electrons and Hydrogen to ETS

Question 11

Electron transport chain

Answer 11

-Forms bluck of ATP
-requires oxygen (garbage truck)
-transfers energy from FADH2 and NADH to ADP to form ATP
- uses ATP synthase enzyme

Makes water as a biproduct

Question 12

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 12

Creates hydrogen gradient

-a cellular process that harnesses the reduction of oxygen to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), water is byproduct

-dump of hydrogen and electrons

-Combination of ETC and chemiosmosis
Electron transport and pumping of electrons (H) creates the hydrogen gradient while chemiosmosis is powered by flow of H back across membrane

Each NADH can produce 3 ATP
Each FADH2 can produce 2 ATP

Question 13

ATP synthase

Answer 13

-Protein molecules that makes ATP
- Hydrogen gradient drives ATP synthase
-Uses double rotor
-Hydorgen wants to get in, which is the driving force

Question 14

Flow of energy

Answer 14

Is the transfer of energy, glucose turns into NADH/FADH2 which goes to ETC which turns into ATP

Two numbers (36 or 38) for total ATP made, this is because if uses NADH (preferred) then there will be 38 but if all used up then FADH2 is used (36)

Question 15

Glucose

Answer 15

1 Glucose molecule yields 38 ATP
- Oxygen required for full aerobic process
- Anaerobic (glycolysis) – only yields 2 ATP

Uses about 40% of energy stored in glucose
Rest is lost as heat (to maintain 37 degree temp, we release energy)

First choice for fuels – quick to break down. Fats take longer

Question 16

Control of Cellular Respiration

Answer 16

Allosteric control
-Negative feedback

phosphofructokinase, controls the speed

If too much/too little something can be turned off

Question 17

Lactic Acid Formation

Answer 17

Reversible process and happens if there is no O2 available – make ATP anaerobically (2 ATP)

If not enough oxygen ATP can’t be made

-Causes “Muscle burn”

-When O2 is available, converts back to
pyruvate

Question 18

Other energy sources

Answer 18

Glycogen (storage form of glucose)
-Can quickly convert to glucose
- 1% of total energy reserves
-Turnout ATP quickly

Fats: 78% of total energy reserves
-Triglycerides have twice the energy of
carbohydrates
-Longer to break down but stored more efficiently in big long chains of fatty acids

Proteins: 21% of total energy reserves
-Have the same amount of energy as
carbohydrates
-But require energy for processing
- Better use for them in things like channels and receptors