Lesion Localization Flashcards
What are the components of the neuroaxis? (5)
- Brain
- Spinal cord
- peripheral nerves
- NM junction
- Muscle
What are the three components of the brain?
- Cortex
- Subcortex
- Brainstem/cerebellum
What are the three components of the peripheral nervous system?
- Nerve root
- Neuromuscular junction
- Muscle
What are the components of the upper motor neuron?
- Cortex
- Subcortex
- Brainstem
- Cerebellum
- Spinal cord
Are fasciculations an UMN or LMN lesion?
LMN
What is agnosia?
the inability to process sensory information. Often there is a loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells while the specific sense is not defective nor is there any significant memory los
What is apraxia?
a motor disorder caused by damage to the brain (specifically the posterior parietal cortex), in which someone has difficulty with the motor planning to perform tasks or movements when asked,
What are the two major causes of cognition disturbances?
Dementia
Delirium
Are visual field deficits a cortex or subcortex sign?
Subcortex
Pure motor or pure sensory deficits are usually subcortical. Why?
Subcortical–Would have to hit a huge area of the homunculus if it were cortical, and have a lot of accompanying s/sx
What is dyssynergia?
Slow movement with FNF
What is ataxia?
Incoordination out of proportion to the amount of paresis
CN deficits are caused by lesions where?
In the brainstem
Crossed signs point to a lesion where?
Brainstem involvement
Prominent dysarthria points to a lesion where?
Brainstem
Myelopathy indicates a lesion where?
Spinal sensory level
Myelopathy usually involves what symptoms?
Bladder and bowel involvement
How do you test for myelopathy?
Check sensations in dermatomes
True or false: radiculopathy is usually symmetric
False–asymmetric
How does radicular pain present?
Sharp and shooting pain in a dermatomal distribution
May show a radiculopathy
How does peripheral nerve neuropath present?
Distribution along a specific nerve
Multiple peripheral nerve symptoms typically point to what sort of problem?
Entrapment or diffuse process (e.g. DM neuropathy)
What is the hallmark sign of neuromuscular junction problems?
Fluctuating motor weakness with easy fatigability
Diurnal variation
The more profound the muscle atrophy = what type of problem?
LMN lesions
Which has distal weakness more than proximal: neuropathy/myopathy?
Myopathy = proxima greater than distal
Neuro = distal greater than proximal
What is the dividing line of UMN/LMN?
Becomes LMN as soon as it exits the spinal cord.
Language deficits usually result from lesions where (generally)?
Lesions in the cortex
If a spinal sensory level is involved, where is the lesion?
Spinal cord
Which has a more profound muscle atrophy: UMN or LMN neuropathies?
LMN
Which presents with sensory signs: myopathy or neuropathy?
Neuropathy
