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Gross Anatomy 2 > Leg and Foot > Flashcards

Leg and Foot Flashcards

1
Q

what is the role of the interosseous membrane and what direction do its fibres pass?

A

provides a surface for muscle attachment
helps resist the downward pull of the muscles attached to the fibula
from tibia –> fibula

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2
Q

what muscles are found in the lateral compartment?

A

peroneus longus and brevis

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3
Q

what is the movement of the peroneus longus and brevis and what innervates them?

A

evertors of the foot

superficial peroneal nerve (L5-S2)

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4
Q

where is peroneus longus?

A

head and upper 2/3rd lateral fibula –> base of 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform

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5
Q

where is peroneus brevis?

A

inferior 2/3rd of lateral fibula –> tuberoisty on lateral side of the base of the 5th metatarsal

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6
Q

what muscles are found in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

tibialis anterior
extensor digitorum longus
peroneus tertius
extensor hallucis longus

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7
Q

what side of the ankle joint do the tendons of the anterior compartment cross the ankle joint?

A

anterior to ankle joint

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8
Q

what side of the ankle joint do the tendons of the lateral compartment pass?

A

lateral side

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9
Q

where is tibialis anterior?

A

lateral condyle of tibia, superior 1/3rd lateral tibial surface and interosseous membrane –> medial and inferior surfaces of medial cuniform and base of 1st metatarsal

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10
Q

what innervates tibialis anterior?

A

deep peroneal nerve (L4+5)

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11
Q

what is the function of tibialis anterior?

A

dorsiflexes ankle

inverts foot

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12
Q

where is extensor digitorum longus?

A

lateral condyle of tibia, superior 3/4 of medial surface of fibula and interosseous membrane –> middle and distal phalanges of lateral 4 digits

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13
Q

what is the function of extensor digitorum longus?

A

extends lateral 4 digits

dorsiflexes ankle

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14
Q

what innervates extensor digitorum longus?

A

deep peroneal nerve (L4+5)

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15
Q

where is peroneus tertius?

A

inferior 1/3rd anterior fibula and interosseous membrane –> dorsum of base of 5th metatarsal

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16
Q

what is the function of peroneus tertius?

A

dorsiflexes ankle

assists in eversion of the foot

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17
Q

what innervates peroneus tertius?

A

deep peroneal nerve (L4+5)

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18
Q

where is extensor hallucis longus?

A

middle anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane –> dorsal aspect of distal phalanx of hallux

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19
Q

what is the function of extensor hallucis longus?

A

extends hallux

dorsiflexes ankle

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20
Q

what innervates extensor hallucis longus?

A

deep peroneal nerve (L4+5)

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21
Q

what are the two extensor retinacula in the foot called?

A

superior and inferior extensor retinaculum

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22
Q

where is the superior extensor retinaculum found?

A

anterior border of tibia to lower end of fibula

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23
Q

what shape is the inferior extensor retinaculum?

A

Y shaped

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24
Q

where does the inferior retinaculum run?

A

laterally to calcaneus (stem) –> medial malleolus (upper limb) and round border of foot to blend with dense fascia over abductor hallucis (lower limb)

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25
Q

what are the three superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

gastrocnemius
plantaris
soleus

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26
Q

what are the four deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

popliteus
flexor digitorum longus
flexor hallucis longus
tibialis posterior

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27
Q

where is the common insertion of the superficial muscles of the posterior leg?

A

posterior surface of calcaneous via tendocalcaneous

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28
Q

where do the tendons of the deep muscles (except popliteus) pass behind to insert on the plantar surface of the foot?

A

medial malleolus

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29
Q

where is gastrocnemius?

A

popliteal surface of the femur superior to medial condyle (medial head); lateral condyle of femur (lateral head) –> tendinocalcaneous

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30
Q

what innervates both heads of gastrocnemius?

A

tibial nerve (S1+2)

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31
Q

what is the function of both heads of gastrocnemius?

A

plantar flexes ankle

flexes knee

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32
Q

where is plantaris?

A

lateral supracondylar line of femur (proximal to lateral head of gastrocnemius) –> tendocalcaneous

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33
Q

what is the function of plantaris?

A

assists plantar flexion of ankle

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34
Q

what innervates plantaris?

A

tibial nerve (S1+2)

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35
Q

where is soleus?

A

soleal line of tibia and upper 1/3rd posterior fibula –> tendocalcaneous

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36
Q

what innervates soleus?

A

tibial nerve (S1+2)

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37
Q

where is popliteus?

A

lateral condyle of femur and lateral minisucs –> popliteal area of tibia (above soleal line)

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38
Q

what is the function of popliteus?

A

unlocks knee joint by laterally rotating femur on fixed tibia

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39
Q

what innervates popliteus?

A

tibial nerve (L4-S1)

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40
Q

where is flexor digitorum longus?

A

posterior surface of tibia –> base of distal phalanx of digits 2-5

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41
Q

what is the function of flexor digitorum longus?

A

flexes lateral 4 digits

weak plantarflexion of ankle

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42
Q

what innervates flexor digitorum longus?

A

tibial nerve (L5-S2)

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43
Q

where is flexor hallucis longus?

A

posterior surface of fibula –> base of distal phalanx of hallux

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44
Q

what is the function of flexor hallucis longus?

A

flexes hallux

weak plantarflexor of ankle

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45
Q

what innervates flexor hallucis longus?

A

tibial nerve (L5-S2)

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46
Q

where is tibialis posterior?

A

posterior surface of tibia and fibula and interosseous membrane –> tuberosity of navicular, cuneiforms, cuboid, sustentaculum tali of calcaneus and base of 2nd-4th metatarsals

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47
Q

what is the function of tibialis posteiror?

A

platarflexes ankle

inverts foot

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48
Q

what innervates tibialis posterior?

A

tibial nerve (L4+5)

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49
Q

what tendon does tibialis posterior pass deep to?

A

tendon of flexor digitorum longus

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50
Q

what is the medial to lateral arrangement of the tendons of the ankle joint?

A 
Tibialis posterior
flexor Digitorum longus
posterior tibial Artery
posteiror tibial Vein
tibial Nerve
flexor Hallucis longus
Tom, Dick And Very Naught Harry
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51
Q

what are the medial and lateral malleolus?

A

the bony prominence on each side of the ankle (medial = tibial; lateral = fibular)

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52
Q

what muscles are on the dorsal surface of the foot?

A

extensor hallucis brevis

extensor digitorum brevis

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53
Q

where is extensor hallucis brevis?

A

superior surface of calcaneous and inferior extensor retinaculum –> base of proximal phalanx of hallux

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54
Q

what innervates extensor hallucis brevis?

A

deep peroneal nerve (L5/S1)

55
Q

what is the function of extensor hallucis brevis?

A

extend the big toe

56
Q

what is the function of extensor digitorum brevis?

A

extends digits 2-4

57
Q

where is extensor digitorum brevis?

A

superior surface of calcaneous and inferior extensor retinaculum –> extensor tendons of toes 2-4

58
Q

what innervates extensor digitorum brevis?

A

deep peroneal nerve (L5/S1)

59
Q

what articulates at the superior tibiofibular joint?

A

head of the fibula with the facet on the lateral condyle of tibia

60
Q

does the superior tibiofibular joint move during dorsiflexion of the ankle?

A

yes, slightly

61
Q

what type of joint is the superior tibiofibular joint?

A

synovial plane

62
Q

what type of joint is the inferior tibiofibular joint and what ligaments hold it together?

A

syndesmosis

anterior and posterior tibiofibular and interosseous tibiofibular ligaments

63
Q

what is the interosseous tibiofibular ligament continuous with?

A

interosseous membrane

64
Q

why does the inferior tibiofibular joint allow slight movement?

A

to accommodate wedging of the trochlea of the talus during dorsiflexion

65
Q

how many degrees can the ankle dorsiflex?

A

20-30o

66
Q

how many degrees can the ankle plantarflex?

A

30-50o

67
Q

what articulates at the ankle joint?

A

distal ends of tibia and fibula with the trochlea of the talus

68
Q

what forms the malleolar mortise?

A

the distal ends of the tibia and fibula

69
Q

where is the capsule of ankle joint strongest and why?

A

laterally and medially, becuase it is supported by strong collateral ligaments

70
Q

what are the three lateral collateral ligaments and where do they run?

A

anterior talofibular: lateral malleolus (fibula) –> neck of talus
posterior talofibular: lateral malleolus –> lateral tubercle of talus
calcaneofibular: lateral malleolus –> lateral surface of calcaneous

71
Q

what are the four parts of the medial collateral ligament and where do they run?

A

anterior tibiotalar: medial malleolus (tibia) –> talus
tibionavicular: medial malleolus –> navicular
tibiocalcaneal: medial malleolus –> calcaneus
posterior tibiotalar: medial malleolus –> talus

72
Q

on which sides is the deep fascia weakest?

A

medially and laterally

73
Q

what forms the superficial ligament of the plantar aponeurosis?

A

central portion of the deep fascia

74
Q

what provides proximal attachment of the plantar aponeurosis?

A

calcaneous

75
Q

how many bands does the plantar aponeurosis divide into digitally?

A

5

76
Q

what is the plantar aponeurosis continuous with?

A

fibrous digital sheaths

77
Q

what bones are found in the foot?

A 
calacaneous
talus
navicular
cuboid
medial, intermediate and lateral cuneiforms
78
Q

what is the most posterior bone of the foot?

A

calcaneus

79
Q

what bone of the foot articulates with the malleolar mortise?

A

talus

80
Q

which of the navicular or cuboid is on the medial side of the foot?

A

navicular

81
Q

what does the navicular articulate with?

A

posteriorly: talus
anteriorly: cuneifroms
laterally: cuboid

82
Q

what does the cuboid articulate with?

A

posteriorly: calcaneus
anteriorly: 4th and 5th metatarsals
laterally: navicular, lateral cuneiform

83
Q

what metatarsal does the medial cuneiform articulate with?

A

1st

84
Q

what metatarsal does the intermediate cuneiform articulate with?

A

2nd

85
Q

what metatarsal does the lateral cuneiform articutae with?

A

3rd

86
Q

what are the muscles found on the dorsum of the foot?

A

extensor digitorum brevis

extensor hallucis brevis

87
Q

what does the lateral compartment of the foot contain?

A

abductor digiti minimi
flexor digiti minimi brevis
–> muscles of the little toe

88
Q

what does the central compartment of the foot contain?

A

flexor ditiroum brevis
muscles associated with the tendon of FDL - lumbricals and quadratus plantae
adductor hallucis

89
Q

what muscles are found in the medial compartment of the foot?

A

abductor hallucis
flexor hallucis brevis
–> muscles of the great toe

90
Q

what muscles are found in layer 1 of the foot (medial to lateral)?

A

abductor hallucis
flexor digitorum brevis
abductor digiti minimi

91
Q

what is found in layer 2 of the foot?

A

flexor digitorum longus (FDL) tendon
flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendon
lumbricals
quadratus plantae

92
Q

what is found in layer 3 of the foot (medial to lateral)?

A

flexor hallucis brevis
adductor hallucis
flexor digiti minimi brevis

93
Q

what is found in layer 4 of the foot?

A 
plantar interossei (x3)
dorsal interossei (x4)
tendons of peroneus longus and tibialis posterior
94
Q

where is abductor hallucis?

A

medial tubercle of calcaneous –> medial side of base of proximal phalanx

95
Q

what is the function of abductor hallucis and what innervates it?

A

flex retinaculum

medial plantar nerve (S2+3)

96
Q

where is flexor digitorum brevis and what innervates it?

A

medial tubercle of calcaneous –> middle phalanges of lateral 4 toes
medial plantar nerve (S2+3)

97
Q

where is abductor digiti minimi and what innervates it?

A

medial and lateral tubercle of calcaneus –> lateral base of proximal phalanx
lateral plantar nerves (S2+3)

98
Q

where are the lumbricals?

A

tendons of flexor digitorum longus (FDL) –> medial side of dorsal tendon expansion

99
Q

what innervates the lumbricals?

A

1st: medial plantar nerve (S2+3)
2nd: lateral plantar nerve (S2+3)

100
Q

where is quadratus plantae?

A

medial and lateral surfaces of calcaneus –> lateral side of FDL tendon

101
Q

what innervates quadratus plantae?

A

lateral plantar nerve (S2+3)

102
Q

where is flexor hallucis brevis?

A

cuboid and lateral cuneiform –> both sides of the base of the proximal phalanx of hallux

103
Q

what innervates flexor hallucis brevis?

A

medial plantar nerve (S2+3)

104
Q

where is adductor hallucis?

A

plantar ligament of MTP joints (transverse head) and base of metatarsals 2-4 (oblique head) –> lateral side at the base of proximal phalanx of hallux

105
Q

what innervates both heads of the adductor hallucis?

A

lateral plantar nerve (S2+3)

106
Q

where is flexor digiti minimi brevis?

A

base of 5th metatarsal –> base of proximal phalanx of digits 3-5

107
Q

what innervates flexor digit minimi brevis?

A

lateral plantar nerve (S2+3)

108
Q

where are the plantar interossei, how many are there and what type of muscle are they?

A

three muscles, unipennate

bases and medial side of metatarsals 2-5–> medial side of the proximal phalanx of digits 3-5

109
Q

what is the function and what innervates the plantar interossei?

A

adduct (–> PAD = plantar adduct)

lateral plantar nerve (S2+3)

110
Q

where are the dorsal interossei, how many are there and what types of muscle are they?

A

four muscles, bipennate
adjacent sides of metatarsals 1+2 (1st) and adjacent sides of metatarsals 2-5 (2-4) –> medial side of proximal phalanx of 2nd digit (1st) and lateral side of proximal phalanx of 2nd-4th digits (2-4)

111
Q

what is the function and what innervates the dorsal interossei?

A

abduct (–> DAB = dorsal abduct)

lateral plantar nerve (S2+3)

112
Q

what are the functions of the arches of the foot?

A

distribute weight

act as shock absorbers and springboards

113
Q

what bones form the lateral arch and does it rest on the ground when standing?

A

yes

calcaneous, cuboid and metatarsals 4+5

114
Q

what bones form the medial arch?

A 
calcaneous
talus
navicular
medial, intermediate and lateral cuneiforms
metatarsals 1-3
115
Q

what provides dynamic support to the arches of the foot?

A

intrinsic muscles of the foot
flexor hallucis longus
flexor digitorum longus

116
Q

what provides passive support to the arches of the foot?

A 
plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament
short plantar ligament (calcaneocuboid)
long plantar ligament
plantar aponeurosis
117
Q

how is weight distributed across the foot?

A

almost equally between the calcaneous and metatarsal heads
–> across the sesamoid bones of the 1st metatarsal and head of 2nd metatarsal and the heads of metarsals 3-5 and the tuberosity of the calacaneus

118
Q

what articulates at the subtalar joint?

A

the talus and calcaneus

–> talus is slightly concave posteriorly and the calcaneous has a convex articular facet

119
Q

what ligaments support the weak capsule of the subtalar joint?

A

medial talocalcaneal
lateral talocalcaneal
interosseous talcocalcaneal (v. strong!)
posterior talocalcaneal

120
Q

what joints form the transverse (mid)tarsal joint and what ligaments support it?

A

talocalcaneonavicular and calcaneocuboid joint

bifurcate, dorsal calcaneocuboid, long and short plantar and spring ligaments

121
Q

what type of joint is the talocalcaneal part of the talocalcaneonavicular joint?

A

plane synovial

122
Q

what type of joint is the talonavicular part of the talocalcaneonavicular joint?

A

ball and socket

123
Q

what type of joint is the clacneocuboid joint?

A

plane synovial

124
Q

where does the bifurcate ligament run?

A

from calcaneous to navicular and cuboid

125
Q

where does the dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament run?

A

from calcaneous to cuboid

126
Q

where does the long plantar ligament run?

A

calcaneus to cuboid

127
Q

where does the spring ligament run?

A

from calcaneus to navicular

128
Q

what articulates at the tarsometatarsal joints?

A

between anterior tarsal bones (cuboid and cuneiforms) and the bases of metatarsals

129
Q

what ligaments hold the tarsometarsal joint together and what is it also known as?

A

dorsal, plantar and interosseous ligaments

lisfranc’s joint

130
Q

what type of joint is the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint and what is its function?

A

synovial condyloid joint

flexion, extension, abduction and adduction

131
Q

what type of joint is the interphalangeal (IP) joint and what is its function?

A

synovial hinge joint

flexion and extension

132
Q

what is the function of the subtalar and talocalcaneal parts of the talocalcaneonavicular joints?

A

inversion/eversion

133
Q

what is the function of the midtarsal joint?

A

augments inversion/eversion

Gross Anatomy 2 (16 decks)

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