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Exam 3- Anatomy > Leg > Flashcards

Leg Flashcards

1
Q

muscles that compose dynamic support of longitudinal arch

A 
Tibialis posterior 
Tibialis anterior 
Flexor hallucis longus 
Fibula's longus
Intrinsic plantar muscles
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2
Q

muscles that compose passive support of longitudinal arch

A

plantar aponeurosis
long plantar ligament
short plantar ligament
plantar calcaneonavicular/spring ligament

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3
Q

posterior compartment of the leg (general)

A

flexors, calf
transverse septa divides it into two groups:
1. superficial posterior
2. deep posterior

tibial nerve and tibial vessels are deep to transverse crural intermuscular septum

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4
Q

muscles of the superficial posterior group (3)

A

gastrocnemius
soleus (triceps surae)
plantaris

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5
Q

muscles of the deep posterior group (4)

A

popliteus
flexor hallucis longus
flexor digitorum longus
tibialis posterior

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6
Q

Gastrocnemius heads

A

most superficial of the superficial posteriors

crosses knee and ankle joints

Medial and Lateral head

medial is larger, starts above medial femoral condyle (lateral is above lateral condyle)

both insert and compose achilles tendon

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7
Q

actions of gastrocnemius

A

plantar flexion and flexes leg at knee joint

flexes the knee below the knee

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8
Q

fabella

A

some patients have it, seismoid bone found close to proximal attachment

potentially provides leverage for lateral head of gastrocnemius

if fractured, it may accompany total knee replacement

a rare cause of posterolateral knee pain

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9
Q

soleus (general)

A

posterior, superficial group

broad, flat, mutlipennate muscle

horseshoe shaped origin (soleal line of tibia, head of fibula)

inserts into achilles tendon

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10
Q

where is the achilles tendon? what muscle tendons compose it?

A

it is located on the posterior surface of calcaneus

composed of muscles that attach to the tendon calcaneus

soleus, gastrocnemius (lateral and medial heads), plantaris (if present)

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11
Q

triceps surae

A

tripartite muscle that is formed between the two heads of the gastrocnemius and the soleus

forms the calf prominence

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12
Q

action of the soleus

A

plantar flexion

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13
Q

plantaris (general)

A

superficial posterior

small muscle, often absent (short belly and long tendon)

attaches to the lateral supracondylar line, runs between gastrocnemius and souls, attaches to the achilles tendon

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14
Q

function of plantaris

A

weak plantarflexion and leg flexion

possibly proprioceptive organ for foot position due to high density of proprioceptive receptors

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15
Q

clinical application of plantaris

A

used commonly in reconstructive hand tendon surgery due to little affect on knee/ankle movements

often ruptures during violent ankle movements (sudden dorsiflexion of ankle) common in basketball players, sprinters, and ballet dancers

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16
Q

popliteus (general)

A

deep posterior group

thin flat triangular muscle, deep to plantaris

forms inferior floor of popliteal fossa

inserts on lateral side of leg, origins on tibia

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17
Q

functions of popliteus

A

unlocks extended leg by laterally rotating femur on stationary tibia

flexes leg weakly

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18
Q

arteries of the popliteal fossa

A

superior medial and superior lateral genicular arteries (superior to medial and lateral heads of gastrocnemius)

inferior medial genicular artery (deep to medial gastrocnemius)

inferior lateral genicular artery (deep to plantaris, superficial to popliteus)

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19
Q

flexor hallucis longus (general)

A

largest deep posterior

lies deep to soleus
attaches to inferior fibula and passes inferiorly to deep flexor retinaculum

occupies shallow groove on posterior surface of sustentaculum tali of calcaneus

crosses deep to FDL tendon in sole of foot, approaches great toes between sesamoid bones in FHB tendons

inserts at base of distal phalanx of great toe

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20
Q

actions of flexor hallucis longus

A

flexes great toe

plantar flex foot at ankle joint

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21
Q

flexor digitorum longus (general)

A

deep to soleus and posterior to tibia

attaches to tibia and passes posterior to tibias posterior
diagonally in sole of food, superficial to f.h.l.

attaches at base of lateral four digits

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22
Q

functions of flexor digitorum longus

A

flexes lateral four digits

plantar flexes foot at ankle joint

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23
Q

tibialis posterior (general)

A

deepest posterior crural muscle

lies between F.D.L. and F.H.L.

attaches at the interosseous membrane, and both tibia and fibula

passes anterior to FDL

distally attaches to various tarsal and metatarsal bones

24
Q

functions of tibialis posterior

A

inversion

plantar flexion

25
Q

tibial nerve supplies which muscles of posterior compartment?

A 
soleus
gastrocnemius 
plantaris 
F.H.L. 
F. D.L. 
popliteus 
tibialis posterior

ALL OF THEM

26
Q

tibial nerve pathway through the leg

A

passes with posterior tibial vessels
deep to soleus
posterior to tibialis posterior

leaves posterior by passing deep to flexor retinaculum between medial malleolus and calcaneous

divides into medial and lateral plantar nerves

27
Q

blood supply of posterior compartment

A

posterior tibial artery

28
Q

pathway of posterior tibial artery

A

begins near inferior popliteus (deep to soleus)

gives rise to fibular artery

passes inferomedially on posterior surface of tibias posterior with tibial nerve

runs deep to flexor retinaculum

ends by dividing into medial and lateral plantar arteries

29
Q

fibular artery

A

descends from distal popliteus obliquely toward fibula

vascularizes posterior and lateral compartments

30
Q

largest branch of posterior tibial artery

A

fibular artery

31
Q

posterior tibial pulse

A

palpated between posterior surface of medial malleolus and medial calcanea tendon

pt. must relax foot via inversion because it is deep to flexor retinaculum

used to examine patients with occlusive peripheral arterial disease (intermittent claudication) caused by ischemia of leg muscles due to narrowing/occulsion of leg arteries

characterized by leg cramps and pain during wlaking

32
Q

dural fascia

A

deep fascia of leg (continuous with fascia late)

covers leg muscles

part of proximal attachment of underlying muscles

thickens distally to form extensor retinaculum

prevents bowstringing during dorsifelxion

33
Q

what divides the leg into its compartments

A

thick septa (anterior, lateral, and posterior) and the interosseous membrane

34
Q

what do all the muscles within a compartment share?

A

same general function

nerve

artery and vein

35
Q

anterior thigh muscle compartment general function and innervation

A

extension

femoral nerve

36
Q

medial thigh muscle compartment general function and innervation

A

adduction

obturator nerve

37
Q

posterior thigh muscle compartment general function and innervation

A

flexion

sciatic nerve

38
Q

anterior compartment muscles

A 
function in dorsiflexion and extension 
located anterior to the interosseous membrane

tibialis anterior
extensor hallucis longus
extensor digitorium longus
fibularis tertius

primary function: dorsiflexion, toe extension

39
Q

tibialis anterior

A

long thick muscle on anterolateral surface of tibia

attaches to lateral condyle and distally on medial surface of cuneiform

40
Q

function of tibialis anterior

A

dorsiflexion and inversion of foot

41
Q

extensor digitorium function

A

extends lateral four digits

dorsiflexion

42
Q

extensor expansion

A

distal attachment of the four tendons of the extensor digitorium

tendons insert over the lateral four proximal phalanges that divide into two lateral slips and one central slip (middle phalanx)

43
Q

fibularis tertius

A

fuses with digitorium longus proximally but tendon doesn’t attach with digit

attachments: anteroinferior surface and dorsal of fifth metatarsal base

functions in dorsi flexion and eversion

44
Q

extensor hallucis longus

A

lateral to tibialis anterior

attaches proximally to anteromedial fibular surface and distally at phalanx of hallux (big toe)

functions to extend hallux, dorsiflexion

45
Q

deep fibular nerve

A

innervates anterior compartment

begins between fibula and fibulas longus muscles
runs inferomedially with anterior tibial vessels and ends in medial and lateral terminal branches on dorsal of foot

46
Q

what does the deep fibular nerve supply

A

anterior compartment muscles
ankle joint and metacarpal phalangeal joints
dorsal intrinsic foot muscles
skin between first and second digits

47
Q

anterior tibial artery

A

arises from popliteal artery
begins near inferior border of popliteus muscle passes anteriorly over the interosseous membrane
descends between EHL and TA muscles with deep fibular nerve

ends at malleoli to become pedis artery

48
Q

lateral compartment of leg

A

found between anterior and posterior crural septa

contains:
fibularis brevis
superficial fibular nerve
fibularis longus

49
Q

fibularis longus

A

lateral compartment

extends from fibular head to sole of foot

superficial to fibularis brevis

attaches to fibula, passes inferior and runs across sole of foot to attach at first metatarsal

functions: eversion and plantar flexion

50
Q

fibularis brevis

A

deep to fibularis longus
attaches to lateral tibia, moves laterally to fifth metatarsal

functions in eversion and plantar flexion

51
Q

superficial fibular nerve

A

one of terminal branches of common fibular

begins b/t fibularis longus and fibula

descends between fibular muscle and lateral to e.d.l.

52
Q

what does the superficial fibular nerve supply

A

anterior inferior leg
entire dorsal surface of foot
most dorsal aspect of digits

53
Q

superficial fibular nerve injury

A

most common injury of lower extremity nerves

results in paralysis of all anterior and lateral crural muscles

loss of dorsiflexion and eversion– foot drop

(high stepping gait, waddling, or swing out – can cause clop)

54
Q

arterial supply of lateral compartment

A

fibular artery

largest branch of posterior tibial artery

55
Q

compartment syndrome

A

injury to crural fascia septa

trauma that leads to hemorrhage, edema, and inflammation

intracompartmental pressure may lead to ischemia and permanent injury

perform fasciotomy to relive this pressure

56
Q

shin splints

A

caused by repetitive micro trauma to tibialis anterior

causes small tears to periosteum of tibia

mild form of compartment syndrome

Exam 3- Anatomy (13 decks)

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