Foot Flashcards
layer one of the foot consists of which muscles
flexor digitorum brevis
abductor hallicus
abductor digiti minimi
layer 2 of the foot consists of which muscles
lumbricals
quadratus plantae
flexor hallicus longus
flexor digitorum longus
layer 3 of foot has which muscles
flexor digiti minimi brevis
flexor hallucis brevis (w/sesamoids)
adductor hallucis m.
oblique head
layer 4 of the foot was which muscles
tibialis posterior
peroneus longus
interossei
fascia of the foot
dorsum
sole of foot
plantar aponeurosis
dorsum of foot
thin and continuous fascia with extensor retinaculum
sole of foot fascia
called plantar fascia
central part thickens to become plantar aponeurosis
plantar aponeruosis
consists of longitudinally arranged band of dense connective tissue
arises from calcenous and covered length of sole
divides into 5 bands and helps support the longitudinal foot arch
plantar fasciitis
inflammation of plantar aponeurosis at proximal attachment of calcaneus
caused by running, high impact exercise, worn shoes, overweight
may lead to development of bony processes (especially from medial calcaneal tubercle)
muscles of the dorsum of foot
extensor hallucis brevis (1st phalanx)
extensor digitorum brevis (2-4 phallanges)
joins long tendons at MP joint
innervation: deep fibular nerve
forms fleshy mass on dorsum of foot
sole of the foot muscles
four layers, work as synergists
maintains foot arches and allows us to stand on uneven ground
first layer plantar muscles attachments
extend from calcaneus to phalanges
quadratus plante
second layer
joins tendons of f.d.l. to calcaneus
assits f.d.l. in flexing lateral four digits
keeps toes strait when flexing
second layer of plantar muscles
vascular and nerve layer
also have FHL and FDL tendons but not considered part of these muscles
lumbricals
original from F.D.L. tendons
flex MP joint
extend PIP and DIP joints
Plantar muscles: third layer attachments
Three short muscles to first and fifth digits (anterior half of foot)
adductor hallucis heads
transverse and oblique
flexor hallucis brevis
two heads (medial & lateral)
cover plantar surface of first metatarsal
tendons have sesamoid bones
function of sesamoid bones of FHB
protect first metatarsal head and tendon of FHL when standing and walking
fourth layer of plantar muscles
consists of interossei between metatarsals
three plantar interossei to pull towards 2nd digits
four dorsal interossei pull away from second digit
fibularis longus and tibias posterior tendons in this layer
medial plantar nerve supplies which muscles
abductor hallucis
flexor digitorium brevis
medial one lumbrical
flexor hallicus brevis
lateral plantar nerve supplies with muscles
abductor digiti minimi quadratis plantae lateral three lumbricals adductor hallucis flexor digiti minimi brevis interossei
Terminal branches of which arteries supply the foot?
anterior and posterior tibial arteries
arteries in the dorsum of foot
dorsalis pedis
runs anteromedially and divides into arcuate artery and deep plantar artery
Arcuate artery
runs laterally across metatarsal bases
gives rise to 2nd to 5th dorsal metatarsal arteries (dorsal digital arteries)
Deep plantar artery
passes through first interosseous space and joins lateral planter artery to form the planter arch
gives rise to first dorsal metatarsal artery
blood supply of the sole of foot is derived from which artery? divides into?
Derived from posterior tibial artery
Divides tomedial and lateral plantar arteries
deep to abductor hallucis
medial plantar artery
passes distally between abductor hallucis and FDB
gives rise to medial two plantar metatarsal and plantar digital arteries
lateral plantar artery
runs with lateral plantar nerve
terminates by joining deep plantar artery forming the plantar arterial arch
Gives rise to 3rd-6th plantar metatarsal and plantar digital arteries
what forms the foot arches
tarsal and metatarsal bones
functions of foot arches
- absorb shock during weightbearing
2. makes foot adaptable to surface and weight changes
two foot arches
longitudinal arch
transverse arch
longitudinal arch consists of
medial and lateral parts
– formed by calcaneus, talus, navicular, three cuneiforms, and medial three metatarsals
– formed by calcaneus, cuboid, and lateral two metatarsals
transverse arch
- runs between medial and lateral longitudinal arches
* formed by cuboid, three cuneiforms, and metatarsal bases
pes planes
flat feed
results from failed arches (typically medial parts of longitudinal arch)
plantar ligaments and plantar aponeurosis become abnormally stretched and can’t support the head
causes taller head to become prominent
