Axilla and Pectoral Region

Question 1

osteological structures of pectoral region

Answer 1

clavicles 
sternum 
ribs 
scapula 
humerus

Question 2

three parts of the sternum

Answer 2

manubrium
body
xiphoid

Question 3

where do the ribs articulate?

Answer 3

thoracic vertebrae and some sternum

Question 4

which ribs are atypical?

Answer 4

1, 2, 11, 12

1 and 2 are shorter than regular ribs and 11 and 12 are floating

Question 5

which ribs are the true ribs?

Answer 5

1-7

Question 6

which ribs are false ribs?

Answer 6

8-10

they merge with the cartilage of 7 then merge with sternum

Question 7

point to your jugular notch

Answer 7

on sternum, top middle

Question 8

sternal angle

Answer 8

where the second rib attaches

Question 9

bilateral glandular structures found in both males and females

Answer 9

breast

Question 10

modified sweat glands of the breast are called

Answer 10

mammary glands

Question 11

where does the breast rest?

Answer 11

on the pectoral fascia (above the pectoralis major)

Question 12

potential space between breast and pectoral fascia is the

Answer 12

retromammary space

Question 13

what nerves innervate the breast?

Answer 13

4th-6th intercostal nerves

Question 14

what attaches the breast tissue to the dermis of the skin?

Answer 14

suspensory ligaments

Question 15

where do the mammary gland lobules converge?

Answer 15

the nipple

Question 16

what arteries supply the breasts?

Answer 16

mammary branches from anterior intercostal, lateral thoracic and internal thoracic arteries

Question 17

what veins drain the breast?

Answer 17

axillary vein via thoracic vein and medial mammary veins

some drainage to internal thoracic vein via intercostal veins

Question 18

why is lymphatic drainage of the breast particularly clinically relevant?

Answer 18

due to high amounts of breast cancers and its role in their metastasis

Question 19

what lymphatic drainage is used for the nipple. areola, and lactiferous lobules?

Answer 19

subareolar lymph nodes

Question 20

greater than 75% of lymph from the breast is drained by what?

Answer 20

axillary lymph nodes (pectoral, central, apical)

Question 21

what drains the remaining lymph (last 25%) of the breast?

Answer 21

parasternal and abdominal lymph nodes

Question 22

what innervation exists at the breast tissue?

Answer 22

anterior and lateral branches of 4-6th intercostal nerves

also some supraclavicular nerve branches

Question 23

what does the fascia of the pectoral region consist of?

Answer 23

superficial and deep layers that define borders, invest muscles and create potential spaces

Question 24

superficial fascia of the pectoral region is composted of

Answer 24

platysma
supraclavicular nerves
anterior and lateral branches of intercostal nerves

Question 25

what composes the deltopectoral triangle?

Answer 25

deltoid, pectoralis major, and middle clavicle cephalic vein deltopectoral lymph nodes deltoid branch of thoracoacromial artery

Question 26

what's the function of the clavipectoral fascia?

Answer 26

invests subclavius and pectoralis major attaches clavicle and anterior thoracic wall perched by lateral pectoral nerves, cephalic vein, and thoracoacromial artery becomes suspensory ligament of axilla

Question 27

what are the muscles of the pectoral region?

Answer 27

pectoralis major subclavius pectoralis major serratus anterior

Question 28

proximal attachments of pectoralis major

Answer 28

clavicular and sternocostal attachment anterior surface of medial 1/2 of clavicle ant. surface of sternum and superior 6 costal cartilages

Question 29

distal attachment of pectoralis major

Answer 29

lateral lip of intertuburcular sulcus

Question 30

actions of pectoralis major

Answer 30

adducts and medial rotation of humerus draws scapula anteriorly and inferiorly (via clavicle) flexes humerus (clavicular portion) sternal person extended humors while it is flexed

Question 31

blood supply of pectoralis major

Answer 31

pectoral branch of throacoacromial arterial trunk

Question 32

innervation of pectoralis major

Answer 32

lateral and medial pectoral nerves (C5, C6 clavicular portion, C7, C8, T1 sternocostal portion)

Question 33

origin of pectoralis minor

Answer 33

3rd-5th ribs, near costal cartilage

Question 34

insertion of pectoralis minor

Answer 34

coracoid process of scapula

Question 35

actions of pectoralis minor

Answer 35

stabilizes scapula by pulling it anteriorly and inferably against posterior thoracic wall

Question 36

blood supply of pectoralis minor

Answer 36

pectoral branches of thoracoacromial arterial trunk

Question 37

innervation of pectoralis minor

Answer 37

medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1)

Question 38

origin of subclavius

Answer 38

junction of 1st rib and its costal cartilage

Question 39

insertion of subclavius

Answer 39

inferior surface of middle 1/3 of clavicle

Question 40

actions of subclavius

Answer 40

anchors and depresses clavicle

Question 41

blood supply of subclavius

Answer 41

clavicular branches of throacoacromial arterial trunk

Question 42

innervation of subclavius

Answer 42

nerve to subclavius (C5, C6)

Question 43

origin of serratus anterior

Answer 43

external surfaces of lateral parts of ribs 1-9

Question 44

insertion of serratus anterior

Answer 44

anterior surface of medial border of scapula

Question 45

actions of serratus anterior

Answer 45

protracts scapula rotates scapula holds scapula against thorax

Question 46

blood supply of serratus anterior

Answer 46

lateral thoracic artery

Question 47

innervation of serratus anterior

Answer 47

long thoracic nerve (C5, C6, C7)

Question 48

arteries of the pectoral shoulder and axillary regions

Answer 48

subclavian artery and axillary artery

Question 49

origin of subclavian artery

Answer 49

brachiocephalic trunk and aortic arch

Question 50

where does the subclavian artery arise?

Answer 50

posterior to sternocalvicular joint

Question 51

3 divisions of subclavian artery

Answer 51

1. medial to anterior scalene muscle 2. posterior to anterior scalene muscle 3. lateral to anterior scalene muscle

Question 52

branches of medial part of subclavian artery

Answer 52

internal thoracic (mammary) artery vertebral artery thyrocervical arterial trunk

Question 53

branches of the thyrocervical arterial trunk

Answer 53

transverse cervical artery (superficial and deep branches) inferior thyroid artery ascending cervical artery supra scapular artery

Question 54

cervicodorsal tunk

Answer 54

when the superficial and deep branches of transverse cervical arteries form an arterial trunk

Question 55

branches of posterior part of subclavian artery

Answer 55

costocervical arterial trunk composed of supreme intercostal artery and deep cervical artery

Question 56

Origin (arises from) dorsal scapular artery

Answer 56

May arise independently from the lateral part of the subclavian artery or from the transverse cervical artery of posterior part

Question 57

where does the subclavian become the axillary artery?

Answer 57

lateral border of first rib

Question 58

part 1 of axillary artery

Answer 58

super thoracic artery

Question 59

part 2 of axillary artery

Answer 59

thoracoacromial trunk

Question 60

part 3 of axillary artery

Answer 60

sub scapular artery anterior circumflex humeral posterior circumflex humeral

Question 61

branches of thoracoacromial trunk of axillary artery

Answer 61

pectoral branch, deltoid branch, acormial branch, clavicular branch

Question 62

branches of the sub scapular artery of the axillary artery

Answer 62

circumflex scapular | thoracic dorsal

Question 63

anastomoses of the arterial branches in pectoral region

Answer 63

``` supra scapular artery dorsal scapular artery posterior intercostal arteries circumflex scapular arteries thoracodorsal artery ```

Question 64

axillary vein

Answer 64

drains the pectoral and axillary region, follows axillary artery, received blood from superficial and deep veins of arm and forearm

Question 65

branches of the axillary vein

Answer 65

deep brachial veins | superficial veins of arm and forearm

Question 66

superficial veins of arm or forearm

Answer 66

``` basilic veins (continue to axillary) cephalic veins (drain to axillary before becoming subclavian) ```

Question 67

boundaries of axilla at apex

Answer 67

clavicle scapula 1st rib

Question 68

boundaries of axilla at base

Answer 68

skin and superficial fascia anterior axillary fold (pec. major) posterior axillary fold (lats, teres major) chest wall (serratus anterior)

Question 69

boundaries of axilla at anterior wall

Answer 69

(clavicle) (subclavius) pectoralis major pectoralis minor

Question 70

boundaries of axilla at posterior wall

Answer 70

scapula subscapularis latissimus dorsi teres major

Question 71

boundaries of axilla laterally

Answer 71

inter tubercular sulcus tendon of long head of biceps coracobrachialis tendon

Question 72

3 contents of the axilla

Answer 72

axillary vein axillary artery brachial plexus