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Anatomy 2L03 > Lectures 9 & 10 (cortex, deep nuclei + diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum)) > Flashcards

Lectures 9 & 10 (cortex, deep nuclei + diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum)) Flashcards

1
Q

grey matter vs white matter in different sections of CNS

A

Cerebral cortex:
- grey on outside (somas/cell bodies)
- white on inside (axons)
- deep grey matter (thalamus + basal nuclei)
Spinal cord
- white on outside
- grey on inside

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2
Q

names for grooves vs bumps on brain (names, notable ones)

A

fissures (deep grooves)
- longitudinal fissure (separate L&R)
- lateral/sylvian fissure (separate upper & temporal)
sulci (shallow grooves)
- central sulcus (separate frontal & parietal)
gyri (bumps)

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3
Q

lobes of the brain

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • occipital
  • temporal
  • insula/insular lobe
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4
Q

primary cortex’s

A
  • primary motor (posterior frontal lobe)
  • primary sensory (anterior parietal lobe)
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5
Q

Arterial blood supply to brain

A

anterior cerebral artery: superior middle of brain
middle cerebral artery: lateral portions of brain
posterior cerebral artery: inferior portion of brain

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6
Q

frontal lobe cortex + areas

A
  • prefrontal
  • premotor
  • primary motor
  • frontal eye field
  • Broca’s area (physical aspects of speech) *only on left
  • *olfactory cortex (also temporal)
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7
Q

parietal lobe cortex + areas

A
  • primary sensory
  • somatosensory (voluntary)
  • *Wernike’s area (also temporal, non-physical aspects of speech) *only left
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8
Q

temporal lobe cortex + areas

A
  • primary auditory cortex
  • *Wernike’s area (also parietal, non-physical aspects of speech) *only left side
  • *olfactory cortex (also frontal)
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9
Q

occipital lobe cortex + areas

A
  • visual cortex
  • primary visual cortex
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10
Q

deep cerebrum structures + cortex’s

A
  • insular cortex (balance, emotional context to sensation)
  • primary gustatory cortex
  • cingulate gyrus (emotional + behavioural processing)
  • corpus callosum (connects R&L lobes)
  • internal capsule
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11
Q

purposes of left vs right brain

A

L - Logical
- movements + sensation on right
- spoken and written language
damage can lead to aphasia (loss of language)
R - Creative
- movements + sensation on left
- spacial orientation + object recognition
damage can lead to loss of emotional component of speech

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12
Q

types of white matter fibres

A
  • commissural fibres (between hemispheres)
  • association fibres (between lobes)
  • projection fibres (to different part of CNS) eg: brain to spinal cord
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13
Q

Basal nuclei (location, purpose, anatomical structures)

A
  • lateral to ventricles
  • initiate, coordinate + stop motor movement
  • skill/muscle memory (eg: walking)
  • dopamine is the main neurotransmitter
  • caudate nucleus (head + tail)
  • striatum (between caudate and putamen)
  • lentiform nucleus (putamen + globus pallidus)
  • substantia nigra
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14
Q

Basal nuclei neural pathway

A

cortex –> basal nuclei –> thalamus –> cortex

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15
Q

Basal nuclei pathology

A
  • Huntington’s chorea: neurodegeneration of striatum, cannot inhibit motion, increased movements
  • Parkinson’s: diminished substantia nigra neurons, hard to start/stop movements
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16
Q

Limbic system (anatomical structures + pathway)

A
  • amygdala
  • hippocampus
  • fornix
  • mammilary bodies
    After:
    anterior thalamic nuclei —> entorhinal cortex —> thalamus –> prefrontal cortex + cingulate gyrus –> amygdala (memories)
17
Q

role of hippocampus

A

consolidate and encode memories (short term)

18
Q

role of amygdala + pathologies

A
  • threat detection/assessment, can evoke fight or flight response via ANS + Endocrine
    Damage: inability to recognize fearful situations, loss of emotional memories + inhibition
    Abnormal activation: PTSD, panic disorder, GAD
19
Q

types of amnesia

A
  • anterograde: can’t form new memories (long term still in-tact, muscle memories can still be formed)
  • retrograde: loss of long term memories
20
Q

Diencephalon (structures + functions)

A
  • posterior pituitary gland (*anterior not connected by neurons)
  • hypothalamus (ANS regulation)
  • thalamus (gateway nucleus, selective attention)
  • pineal gland (sleep + circadian rhythms)
21
Q

Specific purposes of thalamus

A
  • memory: links mammillary bodies to cingulate cortex
  • motor: balance between basal nuclei and cerebellar output
  • sensations: all except smell
22
Q

thalamic syndrome

A

stroke affecting thalamus (eg: posterior artery blockage), contralateral loss of sensation (ALL, except smell)

23
Q

regions of the brainstem

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla
24
Q

Anterior brainstem anatomy

A
  • cerebral peduncles
  • middle cerebellar peduncle
  • olive
  • pyramidal tracts
  • pyramidal decussation
25
Q

Posterior brainstem anatomy

A
  • superior colliculi (vision reflex relay)
  • inferior colliculi (auditory reflex relay)
  • cerebellar peduncles
  • somatosensory tracts
26
Q

cranial nerves (above pons)

A

1 - olfactory I
2 - optic II
3 - oculomotor III
4 - trochlear IV

27
Q

cranial nerves (‘on’ pons)

A

5 - trigeminal V
6 - abducens VI
7 - facial VII
8 - vestibulocochlear VIII

28
Q

cranial nerves (below pons)

A

9 - glossopharyngeal IX
10 - vagus X
11 - spinal accessory XI
12 - hypoglosseal XII

29
Q

Reticular activating system (purpose + tract)

A

sensory stimuli to help regulate conciousness, alertness and sleep via reticular formations in brain stem

30
Q

Cerebellum (structures)

A

lateral sections for lateral control
- anterior lobe
- posterior lobe*
- flocculonodular lobe (eye movements)
- vermis (axial control)

31
Q

cerebellar peduncles (purpose)

A

superior: cerebellum to brainstem
middle: cortex to cerebellum
inferior: spinal cord to cerebellum (eg: proprioception)

32
Q

Appendicular pathway (cerebellar)

A

Loop:
Cortex - contralateral to desired motion
*Midbrain - cerebral peduncle (cross to ipsalateral)
Pons - pontine nuclei
Cerebellum - from middle cerebellar peduncle, out superior CP
Midbrain - red nucleus
*Thalamus - cross to contralateral
Cortex - contralateral –> corticospinal tract

33
Q

Axial pathway (cerebellar)

A

Up to cortex:
Spinal cord - spinocerebellar tract
Cerebellum - from inferior cerebellar peduncle, out superior CP
Midbrain - cerebral peduncle
*Thalamus - cross to contralateral
Cortex –> vestibularspinal tract (same as cortico but skips thalamus)

34
Q

Cerebellum pathologies

A

Ataxia - medial cerebellum (difficulties stabilizing trunk)
Intention tremor - lateral cerebellum (difficulty executing motions)

Anatomy 2L03 (21 decks)

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