Lecture 15 (bones + joints) Flashcards
Sprain vs Strain
Sprain = ligament, Strain = Tendon or Muscle
Four tissues of MSK
nerve: motor, sensory, glial
connective: fascia, tendon, ligaments, cartilage, bone, blood
muscle: skeletal, smooth (blood vessels)
epithelium: epidermis, endothelium (blood vessels), synovial membrane
Bone development
- Cartilage develops: mesenchymal cells –> chondroblasts
- Cartilage grows: chondrocytes divide
- Primary ossification centre in diaphysis
- Medullary cavity: osteoclasts breakdown center
- Secondary ossification centres: in epiphyses
- Articular cartilage + epiphyseal plate: both remain cartilage
- Epiphyseal plate closes: bone stops growing
Marrow
Yellow marrow: adipocytes (fat) in diaphysis
Red marrow: stem cells in epiphysis
Bone formation
stem cells –> osteoblasts (forms matrix of tissue) –> osteocyte –> broken down by osteoclasts
Osteoclasts
dissolves bone and releases Ca+
Ca+ blood levels
Bones store Ca+
Avascular necrosis
lack of blood flow to bone leading to cell death
Bone remodelling
bone continuously remodels in response to stress, spongy bone *trabeculae form pillars in an organized manner
Types of fractures
Simple: injury only to bone
Compound: bone pierces skin
Subtypes of bone fractures (6)
Comminuted: multiple splinters
Compression: crushed vertebrae (typically due to osteoporosis)
Spiral: helical tear due to rotational force (common in sports)
Epiphyseal: at growth plate/epiphyseal line (typically in development)
Depressed: blunt force trauma
Greenstick: partial fracture (common in kids)
4 steps in bone healing
- Hematoma formation
- Fibrocartilaginous callus formation: Collagen attaches the bone
- Bony Callus Formation: cartilage into
- Bone Remodelling: extra bone needs to be broken down
Ligaments
Bone to bone connections
Tendons
Muscle to bone
Apneurosis
broad, flat tendon
Fibrous joint
most stable, no movement, eg: skull and tib-fib
Cartilaginous joint
medium stable, some movement, eg: ribs and pelvic bones (loosen during pregnancy)
Synovial joint
Bone - Bone friction: least stability, most movement, eg: fingers
has joint capsule and articular cartilage
Types of synovial joints
simple: synovial membrane covers both bones
complex: articular disc (meniscus) between bones
Synovial joint problems
Synovitis: inflammation of synovium
Arthritis: inflammation of cartilage + synovium
Osteoarthritis: inflammation of bone + cartilage
Bursa
Skin - Bone friction: Synovial membrane full of synovial fluid, eg: acromion of scapula, knee, elbow…
Tendon sheaths
Tendon - Bone friction: synovial membrane around tendons
Tendonitis
inflammation of tendon sheath
Bursitis
inflammation of Bursa
Joint shapes + movement
Saddle: two Y’s
Pivot: rod in hole
Ball and socket: self explanatory
Hinge: also
Condyloid: loose hinge
Plane: two plates
Flexion and Extension
Bent and Straightened
Scapula movement
Protraction (inwards)
Retraction (backwards)
Circumduction
circular movement
Thumb Movement
Adduction: upwards (with palm up)
Abduction: towards palm
Flexion: towards index
Extension: away from index
Opposition: pinky to thumb (‘fold’ hand)
Foot movement
Eversion: inner foot on floor
Inversion: outer foot on floor (rolled ankle)
Dorsiflexion: foot up
Plantar Flexion: foot pointed
