Lectures 20 & 21 (hip* to foot + balance) Flashcards
depression at the back of the knee
popliteal fossa
- tibial nerve
- popliteal vein and artery
foot and lower leg movements
- plantarflexion (foot point)
- dorsiflexion (foot up)
- inversion (roll over ankle, lift medial)
- eversion (lift lateral side of foot)
- *abduction (rotate foot out)
- *adduction (rotate foot in)
- flexion (point) and extension (up) of toes
Plantar flexors
Triceps group (tibial n.)
- gastrocnemius
- soleus
- plantaris (not everyone has it)
*all come together in the calcaneal tendon (achilles tendon)
Tibialis posterior (tibial n.)
Digital flexors (only when tightly contracted) (tibial n.)
- flexor digitorum longus
- flexor hallucis longus
Fibularis group (fibular n.)
- fibularis/peroneus longus + brevis
least stable ankle position
Important Foot bones (3 tarsals + important protrusions)
- medial & lateral malleolus
- talus
- calcaneus
- navicular
Flexion of toes
- flexor digitorum longus (other toes)
- flexor hallucis longus (big toe)
(tibial n.)
Ankle ligaments
- interosseus membrane
Ankle: - deltoid ligaments
- anterior and posterior tibiofibular
- superior and inferior extensor retinaculum
- ant. and post. talofibular
- calcaneofibular
- flexor retinaculum
Inversion of ankle
- tibialis posterior (tib n.)
- flexor hallucis longus (tib n.)
- flexor digitorum longus (tib. n.)
- tibialis anterior (fib n.)
- extensor hallucis longus (fib. n.)
Posterior compartment of leg
(Tom, Dick, And, Not, Harry)
- Tibialis posterior
- Digital flexors
- Artery (posterior tibial & veins)
- Nerve (tibial)
- Hallucis (longus muscle)
Dorsi Flexors
- tibialis anterior
Digital extensors - extensor digitorum longus
- extensor hallucis longus
(all fibular nerve)
most stable ankle position
Eversion of ankle
- extensor digitorum longus (fibular n.)
Fibularis group (fibular n.) - fibularis/peroneus longus + brevis
Extension of toes
- extensor digitorum longus (other toes)
- extensor hallucis longus (big toe)
(fibular n.)
lower leg nerve that is easily injured, why and what it causes
fibular nerve because it’s on the lateral side of the leg and the most superficial, causes foot drop (lack of innervation to dorsiflexors)
Main arteries of lower leg and their location
- popliteal (popliteal fossa)
- anterior tibial (passes between tibfib, above IM)
- posterior tibial (medial post.)
- fibular/peroneal (lateral post.)
what forms the ‘functional mortise and tenon’
tibia, fibula and talus
weight distribution across foot
- 50% behind
- 50% in front
- 25% medial
- 25% lateral
foot arches (names + what maintains them)
longitudinal arch (heel to toes)
transverse arch (across proximal end of metatarsals)
Maintained by:
- calcaneonavicular ligament
- fibularis/peroneus longus tendon
- tibialis posterior tendon
Foot ligaments
- calcaneonavicular
- plantar aponeurosis
cause of flat foot/fallen arches
- damaged/disfunctional calcaneonavicular ligament
- leads to muscle fatigue (fibularis and post. tibialis) leading to flat foot
Feetsie muscles
- flexor digitorum brevis (tibial n.)
- lumbricals (tibial n.)
- interossei (tibial n.)
- *extensor digitorum brevis (fibular n.)
Balance definition + types
ability to maintain center of gravity of a body within a base of support with minimal postural sway
- static (stationary)
- static adaptation (adding/shifting weight)
- dynamic adaptation (moving through environment) eg: down ski hill
Part of brain and inputs used to maintain balance
Cerebellum
- vision
- from extrafoveal section of retina
- proprioception (where limbs are in space)
- from muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs in postural and pes anserinus muscles (spinocerebellar tract)
- vestibular (linear and rotational acceleration)
- from vestibular apparatus
output to which muscles for balance
- muscles moving the eyes (CN III, IV, VI)
- muscles moving the head (CN XI)
- spinal muscles and iliopsoas muscles
- pes anserinus muscles
