Lectures 20 & 21 (hip* to foot + balance)

Question 1

depression at the back of the knee

Answer 1

popliteal fossa
- tibial nerve
- popliteal vein and artery

Question 2

foot and lower leg movements

Answer 2

• plantarflexion (foot point)
• dorsiflexion (foot up)
• inversion (roll over ankle, lift medial)
• eversion (lift lateral side of foot)
• *abduction (rotate foot out)
• *adduction (rotate foot in)
• flexion (point) and extension (up) of toes

Question 3

Plantar flexors

Answer 3

Triceps group (tibial n.)
- gastrocnemius
- soleus
- plantaris (not everyone has it)
*all come together in the calcaneal tendon (achilles tendon)
Tibialis posterior (tibial n.)
Digital flexors (only when tightly contracted) (tibial n.)
- flexor digitorum longus
- flexor hallucis longus
Fibularis group (fibular n.)
- fibularis/peroneus longus + brevis
least stable ankle position

Question 4

Important Foot bones (3 tarsals + important protrusions)

Answer 4

• medial & lateral malleolus
• talus
• calcaneus
• navicular

Question 5

Flexion of toes

Answer 5

• flexor digitorum longus (other toes)
• flexor hallucis longus (big toe)
  (tibial n.)

Question 6

Ankle ligaments

Answer 6

• interosseus membrane
  Ankle:
• deltoid ligaments
• anterior and posterior tibiofibular
• superior and inferior extensor retinaculum
• ant. and post. talofibular
• calcaneofibular
• flexor retinaculum

Question 7

Inversion of ankle

Answer 7

• tibialis posterior (tib n.)
• flexor hallucis longus (tib n.)
• flexor digitorum longus (tib. n.)
• tibialis anterior (fib n.)
• extensor hallucis longus (fib. n.)

Question 8

Posterior compartment of leg

Answer 8

(Tom, Dick, And, Not, Harry)
- Tibialis posterior
- Digital flexors
- Artery (posterior tibial & veins)
- Nerve (tibial)
- Hallucis (longus muscle)

Question 9

Dorsi Flexors

Answer 9

• tibialis anterior
  Digital extensors
• extensor digitorum longus
• extensor hallucis longus
  (all fibular nerve)
  most stable ankle position

Question 10

Eversion of ankle

Answer 10

• extensor digitorum longus (fibular n.)
  Fibularis group (fibular n.)
• fibularis/peroneus longus + brevis

Question 11

Extension of toes

Answer 11

• extensor digitorum longus (other toes)
• extensor hallucis longus (big toe)
  (fibular n.)

Question 12

lower leg nerve that is easily injured, why and what it causes

Answer 12

fibular nerve because it’s on the lateral side of the leg and the most superficial, causes foot drop (lack of innervation to dorsiflexors)

Question 13

Main arteries of lower leg and their location

Answer 13

• popliteal (popliteal fossa)
  
  • anterior tibial (passes between tibfib, above IM)
  • posterior tibial (medial post.)
  • fibular/peroneal (lateral post.)

Question 14

what forms the ‘functional mortise and tenon’

Answer 14

tibia, fibula and talus

Question 15

weight distribution across foot

Answer 15

• 50% behind
• 50% in front
  
  • 25% medial
  • 25% lateral

Question 16

foot arches (names + what maintains them)

Answer 16

longitudinal arch (heel to toes)
transverse arch (across proximal end of metatarsals)

Maintained by:
- calcaneonavicular ligament
- fibularis/peroneus longus tendon
- tibialis posterior tendon

Question 17

Foot ligaments

Answer 17

• calcaneonavicular
• plantar aponeurosis

Question 18

cause of flat foot/fallen arches

Answer 18

• damaged/disfunctional calcaneonavicular ligament
• leads to muscle fatigue (fibularis and post. tibialis) leading to flat foot

Question 19

Feetsie muscles

Answer 19

• flexor digitorum brevis (tibial n.)
• lumbricals (tibial n.)
• interossei (tibial n.)
• *extensor digitorum brevis (fibular n.)

Question 20

Balance definition + types

Answer 20

ability to maintain center of gravity of a body within a base of support with minimal postural sway
- static (stationary)
- static adaptation (adding/shifting weight)
- dynamic adaptation (moving through environment) eg: down ski hill

Question 21

Part of brain and inputs used to maintain balance

Answer 21

Cerebellum
- vision
- from extrafoveal section of retina
- proprioception (where limbs are in space)
- from muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs in postural and pes anserinus muscles (spinocerebellar tract)
- vestibular (linear and rotational acceleration)
- from vestibular apparatus

Question 22

output to which muscles for balance

Answer 22

• muscles moving the eyes (CN III, IV, VI)
• muscles moving the head (CN XI)
• spinal muscles and iliopsoas muscles
• pes anserinus muscles