Lectures 18 & 19 (shoulder to hand + hip)

Question 1

sections of arm

Answer 1

Shoulder
Brachium
Antebrachium
Wrist and Hand

Question 2

Shoulder separation

Answer 2

acromioclavicular ligament

Question 3

Shoulder dislocation

Answer 3

head of humerus pops from glenoid fossa

Question 4

Rotator cuff muscles

Answer 4

Anterior:
- subscapularis (subscapular n.)
Posterior:
- supraspinatus (initiate abduction) (suprascapular n.)
- infraspinatus (suprascapular n.)
- teres minor (axillary n.)
(all connect to humerus)

Question 5

Flexor and extensor muscles of the arm

Answer 5

Flexor:
- biceps brachii (supination) (musculocutaneous n.)
Extensor:
- triceps (radial n.)

Question 6

Arteries of arm

Answer 6

• axillary to brachial (same tube, different location)
• radial
• ulnar

Question 7

Tendon above the brachial artery and medial nerve

Answer 7

bicipital aponeurosis

Question 8

Forearm flexor muscles (not including digit flexors)

Answer 8

(all except quadratus connect to medial epicondyle of humerus)
- pronator teres and pronator quadratus (median n.)
- flexor carpi radialis (median n.)
- flexor carpi ulnaris (ulnar n.)
(using both carpus –> flexion, using one –> radial deviation)
- palmaris longus (not everyone has it)

Question 9

Flexors of the forearm digits

Answer 9

• flexor digitorum superficialis (median n.)
• flexor policis longus
• flexor digitorum profundus (median and ulnar n.)

Question 10

Extensor muscles of the forearm

Answer 10

(all connect to lateral epicondyle of humerus)
- extensor carpi ulnaris
- extensor digitorum
- extensor carpi radialis
- extensor pollicis longus and brevis
- abductor pollicis

Question 11

Muscles for supination of forearm

Answer 11

• Supinator (radial n. so extensor)
• biceps brachii is the complementary flexor

Question 12

Inflammation of the humerus epicondyles (name and two types)

Answer 12

epicondylitis
- golfer’s elbow (medial epicondyle)
- tennis elbow (lateral epicondyle)

Question 13

Cubital tunnel syndrome

Answer 13

compression of ulnar nerve (pinky and ring finger flexed)

Question 14

FOOSH (Fall On Outstretched Hand)

Answer 14

fracture of distal radius

Question 15

Carpal bones

Answer 15

*Important ones
Top
- trapezium
- trapezoid
- *capitate
- *hamate
- triquetrum
- *pisiform
Bottom
- *scaphoid
- lunate

Question 16

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Answer 16

compression of the median nerve inside the carpal tunnel

Question 17

Tunnels in the upper limb

Answer 17

• guyon’s tunnel (pinky side wrist, ulnar n.)
• cubital (ulnar) tunnel (elbow, ulnar n.)
• carpal tunnel (under flexor retinaculum, median n.)

Question 18

Blood supply to the hand

Answer 18

radial and ulnar arteries connect to form an anastomosis

Question 19

Intrinsic muscles of the hand

Answer 19

• lumbricals (flexion of matacarpalphalangeal joints) (ulnar and median n.)
• interossei dorsal and palmar (abduct and adduct fingers) (ulnar n.)
  Thenar eminence (thumb muscles):
• opponens policis
• abductor policis
• flexor pollicis brevis
• adductor pollicis

Question 20

Hand of benediction

Answer 20

damage to median nerve

Question 21

Claw hand

Answer 21

damage to ulnar nerve

Question 22

Waiter’s tip or Wrist drop

Answer 22

damage to radial nerve

Question 23

Superficial veins of the arm

Question 24

Muscular compartments of the thigh

Answer 24

Flexors of the knee (posterior)
Extensors of the knee (anterior)
Adductors of the hip (medial)

Question 25

Lumbo-sacral plexus

Answer 25

femoral (extensor - quadriceps)
obturator (adductor - medial thigh muscles)
sciatic (flexor -
tibial (flexor - calf muscles)
fibular (flexor - anterior and lateral lower leg muscles)

Question 26

Muscle groups acting on the hip

Answer 26

Flexors:
- iliacus and psoas muscles
- sartorius
Extensors:
- gluteal muscles
Abductors:
- gluteus maximus and medius
- tensor fascia lata
Adductors:

Question 27

where brachial plexus passes through + pathology

Answer 27

• scalene muscles
  Narrowing of interscalene triangle:
• scalene hypertrophy (upper nerve roots, C5-6)
• super-numerary rib (lower nerve roots, C8-T1)

Question 28

brachial plexus nerve root injuries (palsy)

Answer 28

Erb’s palsy (C5-6) - pulling head of newborn
Klumpke’s palsy (C7,C8,T1) - pulling arm of newborn or injury as adult