Lecture 3 (tissues + integument)

Question 1

The four types of tissue and their purpose

Answer 1

• epithelial (covering)
• muscle (movement)
• nervous (control)
• connective (support)

Question 2

Types of epithelial tissue

Answer 2

Shapes:
- squamous (flat)
- cuboidal (cubed)
- columnar (tall)

Qualities:
- stratified (layered)
- simple (one layer)
- pseudo-stratified (looks like multiple layers but isn’t)
- ciliated (has cilia)

Question 3

Names for the borders/surfaces of the cell

Answer 3

• apical (free surface of the cell)
• lateral (facing another cell)
• basal (connected to the basement membrane)

Question 4

Feature of epithelial tissue

Answer 4

avascular

Question 5

Features of connective tissue

Answer 5

• most abundant tissue by weight
• typically well vascularized
• consists of cells surrounded by an extra-cellular matrix (ECM) eg. collagen, elastin…

Question 6

Examples of connective tissue

Answer 6

fat, blood, bone, tendons…

Question 7

Types of connective tissue + primary example + ground substance state

Answer 7

• cartilage (chondrocytes) stiff, gelatinous GS
• bone (osteocytes) calcified GS
• blood (erythrocytes) fluid GS
  Connective tissue proper:
• loose (adipocytes, fibroblasts) semi-fluid GS
• dense (fibroblasts) very little GS

Question 8

Term for blue skin + the likely cause

Answer 8

Cyanotic, hypoxemia

Question 9

Term for yellow skin + the likely cause

Answer 9

Jaundiced/icteric, liver dysfunction (bilirubin accumulation in the blood)

Question 10

Term for red skin + the likely cause

Answer 10

erythema, heat, infection, inflammation, allergies…

Question 11

Term for white skin + the likely cause

Answer 11

pallor, shock, anemia, peripheral vasoconstriction

Question 12

Integumentary system consists of:

Answer 12

• skin + accessory organs
• two layers: epidermis and dermis

Question 13

layers of the epidermis

Answer 13

• corneum (horny, 25-30 layers of dead cells)
• lucidum (clear, only in thick skin)
• granulosum (granular, 3-5 layers, transition zone/dying cells)
• spinosum (spiny, 8-10 layers, cells joined by desmosomes)
• basale (germinativum, where cells are created)

Question 14

Explain the difference between stratified squamous cells in the reproductive system and on the skin

Answer 14

on the skin they are keratinized

Question 15

How does the epidermis get nutrients?

Answer 15

diffusion, as there are no blood cells

Question 16

cell types in the epidermis

Answer 16

• keratinocytes (produce keratin) — all layers
• melanocytes (produce melanin) — stratum basale
• merkel cell (detect touch) — stratum basale
• langerhans cell (‘immune cell’ macrophage engulfs bacteria and breaks them down) — stratum spinosum

Question 17

Label the diagram (insert epidermal ridge diagram)

Answer 17

1 - epidermal ridge
2 - dermal papilla
3 - epidermal peg

Question 18

2 types of skin pigments

Answer 18

melanin (yellow-red/brown-black) and carotene (yellow-orange) (vitamin A)

Question 19

ABCDE’s of malignant melanomas

Answer 19

• Asymmetrical
• Borders uneven
• Colours (two or more)
• Diameter (larger than 6mm)
• Elevated or Evolving

Question 20

Regions of the dermis

Answer 20

papillary and reticular (papillary is more superficial)

Question 21

Label the diagram (insert dermis diagram)

Answer 21

1 - erector pilli
2 - sebaceous gland
3 - hair follicle
4 - apocrine gland
5 - eccrine gland
6 - nerves
7 - blood vessels

Question 22

where can apocrine sweat glands be found?

Answer 22

armpit, face, pubic region

Question 23

what type of gland can be found in the ear?

Answer 23

ceruminous gland

Question 24

Functions of the skin

Answer 24

• temperature regulation
• blood reservoir
• protection from the environment
• cutaneous sensations
• excretion and absorption
• synthesis of vitamin D

Question 25

four functions of connective tissue

Answer 25

• protection
• binding
• insulation
• tissue repair