Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy 2L03 > Lectures 22 & 23 (endocrine intro + pituitary) > Flashcards

Lectures 22 & 23 (endocrine intro + pituitary) Flashcards

1
Q

how endocrine hormonal messages function vs neural messages

A
  • hormones circulate through the entire body whereas neurons only deliver signals to specific areas
  • they last from minutes to days whereas neural is less than a second to minutes
  • slow to begin signalling (s to m) whereas neural is milliseconds
  • blood borne
  • many are also neurotransmitters
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Endocrine glands

A
  • hypothalamus
  • pineal gland
  • pituitary gland
  • thyroid gland
  • parathyroid glands
  • adrenal glands
  • pancreas
  • testes or ovaries
    **placenta (temporary, only during pregnancy)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pathology associated with endocrine system

A
  • gigantism or acromegaly (excess growth hormone)
  • hyper/hypothyroidism (excess/defficient thyroid hormone)
  • hyper/hypoprolactinaemia (excess/deficient prolactin)
  • diabetes (low/insensitivity to insulin)
  • adissons disease (deficient cortisol or ACTH)
  • cushing’s syndrome (excess cortisol)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hunger hormone communication

A
  • fat cells make leptin when ‘full’ to signal the hypothalamus –> stop eating
    (leptin deficiency can cause individual to overeat)
  • empty stomach produces ghrelin to signal the hypothalamus –> start eating
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Endocrine cell hormone communication (pathway + types)

A
  • hormones made in endocrine cell, travels through blood, captured by receptor on distant cell, trigger hormone effect, hormone detaches, effects dissipate
  • hydrophillic (most common) and lipophillic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Paracrine cell hormone communication

A
  • hormones made in paracrine cell only effect nearby cells
    (eg: prostaglandins and nitric oxide)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Autocrine cell hormone communication

A
  • hormones made in autocrine cell only effect the cell itself
    (eg: IGF1 - growth factors work as autocrine at times)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

hydrophillic circulating hormones

A
  • water soluble, travel through blood
  • bind to extracellular receptors
  • message must be transduced to effect the cell
  • often leads to production of second messengers (eg. cAMP, IP3)
  • second messengers alter cellular function (one H hormone can cause many SM)
  • SM concentration fluctuates depending on H hormone receptor binding
    *some hormones (eg: insulin) do not need second messengers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

lipophilic endocrine hormones

A
  • travel through blood
  • pass through phospholipid bilayer (intracellular or even intranuclear)
  • bind to intracellular receptors
  • hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA
    (steroid hormones)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Controlling hormone secretion (loop)

A

all hormones work with negative feedback
(stimulus –> increased hormones –> signal decreased stimulus –> decreased hormones)
eg:
- chemical alteration in blood (exercise)
- nervous stimulation (fear response)
- other hormones can signal hormone production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Posterior pituitary gland hormone circulation

A
  • hormones made by neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus
  • hormones travel in axons to the PPG
  • enter bloodstream through hypophyseal veins and arteries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Anterior pituitary gland hormone circulation

A
  • releasing hormones made by neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus
  • travel in axons to hypophyseal portal system
  • travel through blood to APG
  • triggers stimulating/tropic or non-tropic/direct hormone production in APG release into blood
  • stim. h. goes to target area (may produce another direct/non-tropic hormone)
  • hormones travel back to hypothalamus and APG, inhibiting hormone production
    (fluctuating cycle of hormones)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Thyroid hormone regulation

A
  • hypothalamus: thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
  • anterior pituitary: thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • thyroid gland: thyroid hormone
  • triggers increased metabolic rate, protein synthesis and fat breakdown
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Inhibiting hormones

A
  • inhibits production of stimulating hormone
    (eg: growth hormone inhibiting hormone GHIH inhibits GH and TSH)
    (prolactin is almost completely regulated by its inhibiting hormone PIH (dopamine), little bit by releasing hormone TRH)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pituitary gland development

A

anterior: outgrowth of the ectoderm of the roof of the mouth (pars distalis)
posterior: outgrowth of the ectoderm at the base of the hypothalamus (pars nervosa)
pars intermedia: seperates ant. and post.
(develops at 5 - 16 weeks of pregnancy, W13, the pituitary, 3:00)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

alternate names for posterior and anterior pituitary

A

anterior: adenohypophysis
posterior: neurohypophysis
pituitary: hypophysis

17
Q

bone of the skull where the pituitary is located

A

Sphenoid –> hypophyseal fossa

18
Q

structures that form turk’s saddle/sella turcica

A

tuberculum (front), hypophyseal fossa, dorsal (back) sellae
(part of sphenoid)

19
Q

Pituitary tumour

A

pituitary adenoma –> can cause a depression in the hypothalamus (called mass effect)

symptoms: visual defects (optic chiasm, bitemporal hemianopia) and headaches

removal: transsphenoidal hypophysectomy, remove tumour through sphenoid sinus (up nose), replace with fat and seal in with cartilage and glue

20
Q

Pituitary blood supply

A
  • Ant: superior hypophyseal artery –> hypophyseal portal veins –> ant. hypo. v.
  • Post: inferior hypophyseal artery –> post. hypophyseal veins

issues: BP extremely low in AHV, if BP drops in body (eg: extreme blood loss) it’s easy for blood flow to stop here, APG can die –> panhypopituitarism

21
Q

Main hormones in Anterior pituitary

A

Tropic (stimulating):
- FSH: follicle stimulating hormone - promotes follicle and sperm development
- LH: luteinizing hormone - promotes ovulation, sex steroid production
- ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone - promote production of glucocorticoids
- TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone - stims thyroxin release
Non-tropic (direct):
- PRL: prolactin: stimulates milk production in F
- hGH: human growth hormone - promote protein synthesis + bone growth + glycogen –> glucose
- MSH: melanocyte stimulating hormone - increase pigmentation (pars intermedia)
(FLAT PeG M)

22
Q

Main hormones in Posterior pituitary

A

**produced in hypothalamus, just travel through PPG
- Oxytocin: increase uterine contraction + ejection of milk
- ADH: Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) causes water re-uptake in kidneys (suppresses urination) - triggered by high Na in blood

23
Q

Hormones produced in Hypothalamus

A
  • TRH –> produce TSH
  • CRH –> produce ACTH
  • GnRH –> produce FSH and LH
  • GHRH –> produce hGH
  • GHIH –> inhibit hGH
  • PIH –> inhibit PRL
24
Q

stimuli that regulate growth hormones

A

hypoglycemia (low blood glucose) –> release GHRH (promote (hGH)
hyperglycemia (high BG) –> release GHIH (inhibit hGH)
- normal BG is about 90mg/mL

25
Q

growth of long bones stimulus

A
  • hGH stimulates formation of new cartilage at epiphyseal line
  • growth plate is ‘closed’ by testosterone and estrogen
26
Q

hGH secreting tumors

A

before growth plate closes: gigantism (very tall)
after growth plate closes: acromegaly (thick skin, broad nose…)
both diabetic due to high BG

27
Q

Main sex steroids

A

progesterone, estrogens, androgens (testosterone, DHEA)
*act as inhibitors for GnRH

28
Q

Prolactin regulation

A

TRH promotes PRL
PIH inhibits PRL
suckling inhibits PIH
- domperidone (dopamine receptor blocker) inhibits PIH since it is dopamine

29
Q

excess/deficient prolactin issues

A

hyperprolactinaemia (excess)
- galactorrhea (large amount of milk/milk outside pregnancy)
- amnenorrhea (lack of menstrual cycles)
- infertility
- impotence (inability to get erect - males)
hypoprolactinaemia (deficient)
- sub/infertility in both men and women (cause unclear)

30
Q

development of lactating (active) mammary glands

A

high levels of estrogen and progesterone trigger activation
- that’s why breaks are needed from hormonal birth control pills

Anatomy 2L03 (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions