lecture three Flashcards
what is taxonomy
science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms on shared characteristics
taxonomic organization
three domains (bacteria, archaea, and eukarya)
accepted kingdoms (archaebacteria, eubacteria, fungi, plants, animals, and protista)
prokaryotes
bacteria and archaea, lacks a nucleus, no boundary membrane separating nucleoid from cytoplasm
eukaryotes
membrane-bound nucleus, cytoplasm contains membrane system that forms organelles with distinct environment and special function
what is cytoplasm
material within eukaryotic cell enclosed by cell membrane, except for nucleus
nucleoplasm
material within the nucleus
what is cytosol
fluid part of cytoplasm
what is intracellular fluid
all the fluid present inside of the cell
what are three structures of a prokaryotic cell
sphere, rodlike, and spiral
all living organisms contain genetic material
composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), is a copy of blueprint transmitting from parents to offspring
where is genetic material located in prokaryotic cells
in the nucleoid, containing highly folded masses of DNA
in prokaryotic cells what is the plasma membrane surrounded by?
its surrounded by a cell wall coated with glycocalyx, a slime layer, and a capsule
how does bacteria and archaean move
moves by long flagella
what is cell fractionation
partitioning of cell into fractions to analyze structures and functions of cell components
how do you study eukaryotic cells
subcellular fractionation
what is the nucleus
a membrane bound organelle in eukaryotic cells, and contains most of cells genetic material
what is the main structure making yo the nucleus
the nuclear envelope with intercalated pores
gel-like fluid in the nucleus, filled with chromatic, relaxed DNA and protein, and during cell division chromatin coiled into tightly condensed chromosomes
nucleoplasm
what is nucleolus
nuclear site for rRNA transcription, processing, and ribosome assembly in eukaryotes
what is a ribosome
large complex structure composed of one or more ribosomal RNA and a variety of proteins.
what subunits does ribosomes have
small subunit- reads mRNA and a large subunit- catalytic subunit
where are ribosomes located
some freely suspended in cytosol, other attached to nuclear membrane and rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane
what are nuclear localization signals
many proteins move from cytoplasm into interior nucleus
-ribosomal proteins, and histone, transcription factors are targeted
what is smooth ER
has no ribosomes on surface, and has many functions like synthesising lipids to become apart of cell membrane
what is rough ER
ribosomes that stud the surface, and produces proteins for rest of cell to function, and connected to nuclear envolope
what is Sarcoplasmic reticulum
form part of contractility system of muscle cells and transmits electrical impulses that cause contraction
what is function of SER
sythesizes lipids that become part of cell membrane
where are membrane lipids synthesized
in cytosolic leaflet of smooth ER from fatty acids building block
how are lipids transferred into other membrane
lipids in ER membrane can diffuse to nuclear envelope, and can be transported via vesicles to golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles or plasma membrane
what happens on the site of ribosomes
is the site of translation of mRNA into polypeptide chain
