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bio 120 midterm > genetic material > Flashcards

genetic material Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is gene expression

A

the flow of genetic information from genotype to phenotype

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2
Q

what is the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis

A

a single gene controlled the synthesis of a single enzyme

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3
Q

what is the translation process synthesizing

A

a specific polypeptide by using the information encoded in mRNA on ribosomes

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4
Q

what is the process of transcription

A

information encoded in DNA is made into complementary RNA

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5
Q

segments of _______ transcribe into _______- molecules that can ________ proteins to produce _______. other segments of ______ are copied into ____ molecules called ___________ _____

A

DNA, RNA, mRNA, DNA, RNA, non-coding RNA

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6
Q

most genes are ______ into mRNA, than the mRNA is _________ into polypeptide

A

transcribed, and translated

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7
Q

what is the gene expression in prokaryotes

A

both transcription and translation occur in cytoplasm due to no nucleus

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8
Q

what is the gene expression in eukaryotes

A

transcription occurs in nucleus, and translation occurs in ribosomes in rough er

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9
Q

what 4 things are genes composed of

A

promoter, regulatory sequences, transcribed region, and terminator

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10
Q

what is the function of gene

A

enables segments of DNA to be transcribed into RNA = formation of functional products

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11
Q

what is a promoter

A

site in DNA where RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription

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12
Q

what are regulatory sequences

A

binds to regulatory proteins that control whether genes are turned on or off

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13
Q

what is a transcribed region

A

region of DNA that is transcribed into RNA

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14
Q

what is a terminator

A

sequence that causes RNA strand to release from transcription complex

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15
Q

what is a gene

A

organized unit of DNA

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16
Q

what are the characteristics of genetic material

A

-replication
-storage of information
-expression of that information
-variation by mutation

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17
Q

what are the three essential components of nucleotides

A

-nitrogen base
-pentose
-phosphate group

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18
Q

what are nucleosides composed of

A

nitrogen base and a ribose/deoxyribose sugar

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19
Q

what do the polymerization of mononucleotides form

A

nucleic acid

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20
Q

what form is DNA in

A

double-stranded helix

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21
Q

what are the three types of RNA

A

messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosome RNA

22
Q

what is messenger RNA

A

transcript of gene carries information (codon sequence) for synthesis of proteins

23
Q

what is a transfer RNA

A

functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up amino acid and recognizing appropriate codon in mRNA

24
Q

what is a ribosome RNA

A

together with proteins forms the structure ribosomes

25
Q

how is the genetic information coded in the DNA molecule

A

information must lie on linear sequence of nitrogenous bases

26
Q

how does the genetic material function

A

must be that DNA passes on information(transcription)

27
Q

what experiment confirmed DNA as genetic material

A

the hershey-chase experiment

28
Q

what is the hershey-chase experiment

A

used t2 that infects bacteria, infected bacteria with radioactive compounds, and and virus DNA entered host not proteins

29
Q

DNA structure

A

-molecule consists of two strands (antiparrellel)
-backbone of strand is sugar phosphate linked end to end through phosphodiester bonds
-nitrogenous base connect through h-bond
-two strands are twisted

30
Q

what is the sugar molecule of RNA

A

ribose

31
Q

what are the nitrogen bases in RNA

A

adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil

32
Q

what is the structure of RNA

A

single strand of polynucleotide that may fold upon itself

33
Q

what is DNA replication

A

DNA is duplicationed DNA-DNA

34
Q

what are the 3 possible mechanisms of DNA replication

A

-semiconservative mechanism
-conservative mechanism
-dispersive mechanisms

35
Q

what is semiconservative mechanism

A

DNA replication produces DNA molecules with one parental strand and 1 newly made strand

36
Q

what is conservative mechanism

A

DNA replication produces 1 double helix with both parental strands, and the other with 2 daughter strands

37
Q

what is dispersive mechanism

A

DNA replication produces DNA strands in which segments of new DNA are with parental DNA

38
Q

what is the meselson and stahl experiment

A

showed that DNA replication is semi conservative

39
Q

what is the semi-conservation replication molecular processes

A

-untwisting of DNA moles (breaking h-bonds)
-stands severes as template
-DNA polymerase helps link free nucleotides to form new strand
–nucleotides added at 3’-end
-template(old) and complementary(new) are anitparellel
-DNA pieces are linked by enzyme called DNA ligase

40
Q

DNA molecular processes with involvement of what major proteins

A

-replication fork
-leading strand template
-lagging strand template
-leading strand
lagging strand
-topoisomerase
-dna primase
-single stranded binding protein
-DNA clamp
-okazaki fragment
-DNA polymerase

41
Q

what is the enzyme helicase responsible for

A

unwinds DNA helix

42
Q

what is the enzyme primase responsible for

A

assembles RNA primers in 5’-3’ direction to initiate new DNA strand

43
Q

what is the enzyme single-stranded binding protein responsible for

A

stabilize single stranded DNA and prevent the two strands at the replication fork from reforming

44
Q

what is DNA polermerase 3 responsible for

A

main replication enzyme in e-coli, extends that RNA primer by adding DNA nucleotides

45
Q

what is topoisomerase

A

avoid twisting of DNA ahead of replication fork

46
Q

what is DNA polymerase responsible for

A

removes RNA and replaces in with DNA nucleotides

47
Q

what is the responsibility of sliding clamp

A

tethers DNA polymerase3 to DNA template making replication more efficient

48
Q

what is the responsibility of DNA ligase

A

seals nick left between adjacent bases after RNA primers replaced with DNA

49
Q

what is the molecular process of transcription

A

-initiation of transcription requires transcription factors binding to promoter region
-tf recruits RNA polymerase binding to promoter region
-unwinding DNA
-only one strand acts as template
-transcription ends at termination site

50
Q

transcription stages

A

transcription initiation, transcription elongation, and transcription termination

bio 120 midterm (10 decks)

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