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Anatamy and Physiology > Lecture Test 4 > Flashcards

Lecture Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three major regions of the brain and state which ones are referred to as the “brain stem

A

Pons
Medulla
Midbrain

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2
Q

What are the ventricles of the brain and what is their function?

A

Openings in the brain. They make it lighter, serve as conduit for nutrients and waste, and as a shock absorber.

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3
Q

How many are there and in which portions of the brain are they located?

A

There are 4 ventricles:

  • 2 lateral (in the cerebrum)
  • 3rd in the diencephalon/thalamus
  • 4th in the pons/medulla
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4
Q

What is the cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius and where is it located?

A

Connects the 3rd & 4th ventricles. Located in the midbrain.

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5
Q

Where is cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) produced and what is its function?

A

Produced by epyndymal cells (special neuroglia). It’s a shock absorber, regulates intracranial pressure, moves nutrients and wastes.

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6
Q

What is the effect of a damaged visual association area?

A

Can see, but cannot interpret

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7
Q

What is the function of the limbic system? The pons? The thalamus?

A
  • emotion and behavior
  • relay signals to the cerebellum
  • relay signals to the cerebrum
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8
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier?

A

Does not permit things in the blood to cross over to the brain e.g. bacteria

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9
Q

What portion of the brain could most appropriately be called the center for homeostasis?

A

Hypothalamus

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10
Q

Where are the cardiovascular and respiratory centers located?

A

Medulla

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11
Q

What effect does Alzheimer’s disease have on the mental capabilities of the victims of the disease and what specific part of the brain appears to be damaged?

A
  • decreased memory

- The hippocampus

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12
Q

What type of waves would be seen a person who was really concentrating?

A

Beta - concentrating, awake, alert

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13
Q

What is the role of the reticular activating system (RAS)?

A

consciousness

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14
Q

Define perception

A

preception of the pain (cold, hot) with in the brain

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15
Q

Define sensation

A

sight, hearing, equilibrium, taste, small

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16
Q

List the general senses and the special senses. Which one of the special sense organs does NOT have hair cells?

A

All have hair cells Except the Eye( sight)

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17
Q

What is an EEG?

A

Electroencephalogram

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18
Q

What parts of the body are controlled by the somatic nervous system?

A

skeletal muscle

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19
Q

When does the autonomic nervous system operate?

A

ALWAYS Operates unconscious control that maintains homeostasis

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20
Q

In reference to the sympathetic nervous system, what regions of the spinal cord give rise to the preganglionic fibers?

A

SNS-Thoracolumbar (T1-L2).

PNS- Craniosacral

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21
Q

What are the major effects of this division SNS?

A

Flight or fight response: increase HR, dilate pupils, etc.

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22
Q

What neurotransmitter substances are utilized by this division SNS?

A

Postgaglionic in SNS uses epinephrine which is adrenergic.

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23
Q

Define adaptation

A

Reduction in sensitivity in presence of constant stimulus

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24
Q

What are the major effects of the division PNS?

A

Rest & Repose response

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25
Q

What neurotransmitter

substances are utilized by this division PNS ?

A

PNS uses acetylcholine (ACH) in preganglionic neurons.

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26
Q

What body structures receive NO parasympathetic innervation ?

A
  • Skin (sweat glands, arrector pili)
  • Adrenal medulla (adrenal gland)
    All blood vessels and organs
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27
Q

What is the main integration center of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Hypothalamus

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28
Q
  1. Be able to indicate what division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) would be most active in certain activities. For example, running
    away from a bear as opposed to reading a book for pleasure
A

Bear = sympathetic

Sex (Book) = parasympathetic

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29
Q

What bactericidal substance is found in lacrimal fluid?

A

lysozyme (tears)

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30
Q

What structures compose the three (fibrous, vascular, and sensory) tunics of the eye?

A
  • Vascular: iris, ciliary body, choroid
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31
Q

What is the specific name given to pain receptors?

A

Nociceptors

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32
Q

What receptors monitor joint position and movement?

A

Proprioceptors

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33
Q

What is the fovea centralis?

A

part of the eye, located in the center of the macula lutea. Highest concentration of cones. Area of sharpest vision.

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34
Q
  1. Merkel discs and Ruffini corpuscles are classified as _________ receptors.
A

Tactile

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35
Q

What are the three major sensory pathways and the three major motor
pathways?

A 
Sensory:
- 1. posterior column tract
-2. spinocerebellar tract
-3. spinothalamic tract.
Motor:
- 1. corticospional path
-2. medial path
-3. lateral path
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36
Q

What is the functional difference between the rods and the cones?

A

Rods: cannot detect color, permits sight in dim light
Cones: color vision

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37
Q

Define Accommodation

A

ability to change shape of lens

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38
Q

Define Astigmatism

A

irregularity in the cornea

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39
Q

Which sensory pathway is often involved in “referred pain’?

A

“Referred pain” = spinothalamic: ascending from spine to thalamus (starts at spinal cord, ends at thalamus)

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40
Q

What causes cataracts

A

clouding of the lens

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41
Q

What structure separates the external ear from the middle ear? The middle ear from the inner ear?

A
  • Ear Drum

- Oval Window/Open Window

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42
Q

What structures compose the bony labyrinth of the inner ear?

A

saccule
utricle
vestibule

43
Q

What is the actual organ of hearing within the inner ear?

A

hair cells in the organ of Corti

44
Q

What portions of the ear are responsible for the sensations of balance and equilibrium?

A
  • Semicircular Canals

- Vestibule

45
Q

What causes Otitis Media

A

ear infection

46
Q

What causes Nystagmus

A

rapid eye movement from spinning around

47
Q

What causes Otosclerosis

A

bone of the middle ear have arthritis

48
Q

What causes Tinnitus

A

ringing in the ear

49
Q

What is a target cell?

A

any cell that can respond to a hormone

50
Q

How do hormones travel to their target cells?

A

by blood stream

51
Q

List several possible changes that hormones can produce in their target cell

A

protein synthesis

enzyme activity

52
Q

What are the three main chemical classes of hormones?

A
  • amino acids
  • steroid hormones (lipids)
  • peptide
53
Q

How do hormones differ in their mechanisms for communicating with the internal environment of the cell?

A

CAN diffuse right through the cell membrane, and attach directly to the cell
Cyclic AMP
Calcium

54
Q

Be able to recognize examples of both negative and positive feedback in the control of endocrine activity. (NOTE: MOST control mechanisms involve negative feedback.)

A

An example of positive feedback in the endocrine system would be the effect of a releasing hormone on its specific hormone. When the level of the releasing hormone increases, the level of its specific hormone increases.

55
Q

What organ controls the secretions of the anterior pituitary?

A

brain- hypothalamus

56
Q

What hormone of the anterior pituitary produces the “fight or flight” response during times of stress? What other hormone has this effect?

A
  • ACTH

- Epinephrine

57
Q

What hormone is secreted in largest amount by the thyroid gland? Which thyroid hormone is the most powerful?

A
  • Tetraiodothyrinine (T4) (largest amount) (Thyrocinel)

- Triiodothyronine (T3) (most powerful)

58
Q

What is meant by the “calorigenic effect” of the thyroid hormone?

A

helps to adapt to cold temperatures, and increase metabolism

59
Q

What is goiter and what is the cause of this condition?

A
  • enlargement of the thyroid

- Iodine Deficiency

60
Q

What is the effect of the parathyroid hormone?

A

retain calcium
decreases calcium excretion
increases calcium absorption

61
Q

What hormone produced by the thyroid gland is antagonistic to the parathyroid hormone?

A

Calcitonin

62
Q

List the hormones of the adrenal gland and a brief function for each.

A

Aldosterone (increases sodium re-absorption)

APH (prevents water loss)

63
Q

What is the effect of hypersecretion of corticosteroids?

A

Kushings Disease

64
Q

What hormones are produced by the kidney and the heart?

A

Kidney-erythropoietin

Heart- naturetic peptides

65
Q

What gland produces melatonin?

A

pineal

66
Q

What is unique about the pancreas when it is compared to other organs of the endocrine system?

A

indocrin and exocrin gland

67
Q

What is the action of insulin and in what specific portion of the pancreas is it produced?

A

lowers blood sugar levels

beta cells of Islets of Langerhans

68
Q

What two hormones are referred to as gonadotropins?

A

FSH

NLH

69
Q

Indicate the Cause of Addison’s Disease

A

hyposecreation

70
Q

In reference to the sympathetic nervous system, what regions of the spinal cord give rise to the preganglionic fibers?

A

Thoracolumbar (T1-L2).

71
Q

What are the major effects of this division?

A

Flight or fight response: increase HR, dilate pupils, etc.

72
Q

What neurotransmitter substances are utilized by this division?

A

Postgaglionic in SNS uses epinephrine which is adrenergic.

73
Q

In reference to the parasympathetic nervous system, what regions of the central nervous system give rise to the preganglionic fibers?

A

Craniosacral (S2-S4)

74
Q

What are the major effects of the division?

A

Rest & Repose response

75
Q

What neurotransmitter

substances are utilized by this division?

A

PSNS uses acetylcholine (ACH) in preganglionic neurons.

76
Q

What portion of the olfactory organ first detects an odor?

A

hair cells/ cilia

77
Q
  1. What is gustation? What are the receptors for this sense and where are they located? What three cranial nerves innervate them?
A

Taste.
Receptors: on tongue, portions of pharynx & larynx
Cranial nerves: VII, IX, X

78
Q

List the accessory structures of the eye. What is their main function?

A

Eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrows

Prevents & protects eye from debris, lubricates eye

79
Q 
What are the aqueous and vitreous humors of the eye and what is the
         function of each?
A
  • Aqueous: fluid within the anterior chamber of the eye, helps retain eye shape and interocular pressure
  • Vitreous: gelatinous, stabilizes eye and supports retina
80
Q

What is the canal of Schlemm? What dangerous eye condition results if it becomes blocked?

A

Circular channel in the eye that collects aqueous humor from anterior chamber and delivers it into the bloodstream via anterior cilliary veins.

Condition: glaucoma

81
Q

What is the “blind spot”?

A

Where axons of ganglion cells from retina all exit at the back of the eye. Where optic nerve goes out. No rods, no cones.
aka Optic Disc

82
Q

What is the pigment found in the rods? How is vitamin A related to this
pigment?

A

Visual Purple aka rhodopsin

Vit A - necessary to convert from one rhodopsin conjugation to another

83
Q

Define Hyperopia

A

farsightedness

84
Q

Define Myopia

A

nearsightedness

85
Q

Define Visual Acuity

A

clarity of vision; normal is 20/20

86
Q

What causes glaucoma

A

Increased interocular pressure, failure to drain canal of Schlemm

87
Q

What causes night blindness

A

Vit A deficiency

88
Q

List several possible changes that hormones can produce in their target cell

A

Interact directly with DNA
Protein synthesis
Increase/decrease activity of enzymes

89
Q

How do hormones differ in their mechanisms for communicating with the internal environment of the cell?

A 
Amino acids (proteins) and peptides cannot pass thru membrane - need 2nd messenger.
Lipids CAN pass thru membranes so are able to interact directly with DNA.
90
Q
  1. Be familiar with the names and abbreviations of the hormones of the anterior pituitary and a brief function for each.
A

Adrenocorticotropic hormome ACTH - fight or flight
Thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH-Secretion of thyroid hormones
Follicle-stimulating hormone FSH-Gonads Growth of reproductive system
Luteinizing hormone Lutropin LH-Gonads Sex hormone production

posterior
anti diuretic hormone ADH- less water in urine

91
Q

What is the effect of the parathyroid hormone?

A

Regulates calcium metabolism. (decrease calcium excretion, increase calcium absorption)

92
Q

What hormone produced by the thyroid gland is antagonistic to
the parathyroid hormone?

A

Calcitonin

93
Q

List the hormones of the adrenal gland and a brief function for each.

A

Aldosterone - causes retention of Na+ by kidneys which causes water retention

94
Q

What is the effect of hypersecretion of corticosteroids?

A

Cushing’s disease (hyperadrenalism)

95
Q

What is the effect of epinephrine produced by the adrenal medulla?

A

“fight or flight” response

96
Q

What hormones are produced by the kidney and the heart?

A

Kidney: erythtopotein
Heart: natriuretic peptide

97
Q

What gland produces melatonin?

A

pineal glands

98
Q

What is unique about the pancreas when it is compared to other
organs of the endocrine system?

A

It’s both an exocrine and endocrine organ

99
Q

What is the action of insulin and in what specific portion of the pancreas is it produced?

A

lowers blood glucose levels

Beta cells

100
Q

What two hormones are referred to as gonadotropins?

A

FSH & LH

101
Q

What is the general function of the Cerebellum?

A

activates/coordinates/adjusts voluntary & involuntary motor activities

102
Q

What is the general function of the Cerebrum

A

higher thought, consciousness

103
Q

What is the general function of the Hypothalamus?

A

Center of homeostatis

Anatamy and Physiology (10 decks)

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