Lecture Test 4 Flashcards
Name the three major regions of the brain and state which ones are referred to as the “brain stem
Pons
Medulla
Midbrain
What are the ventricles of the brain and what is their function?
Openings in the brain. They make it lighter, serve as conduit for nutrients and waste, and as a shock absorber.
How many are there and in which portions of the brain are they located?
There are 4 ventricles:
- 2 lateral (in the cerebrum)
- 3rd in the diencephalon/thalamus
- 4th in the pons/medulla
What is the cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius and where is it located?
Connects the 3rd & 4th ventricles. Located in the midbrain.
Where is cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) produced and what is its function?
Produced by epyndymal cells (special neuroglia). It’s a shock absorber, regulates intracranial pressure, moves nutrients and wastes.
What is the effect of a damaged visual association area?
Can see, but cannot interpret
What is the function of the limbic system? The pons? The thalamus?
- emotion and behavior
- relay signals to the cerebellum
- relay signals to the cerebrum
What is the blood-brain barrier?
Does not permit things in the blood to cross over to the brain e.g. bacteria
What portion of the brain could most appropriately be called the center for homeostasis?
Hypothalamus
Where are the cardiovascular and respiratory centers located?
Medulla
What effect does Alzheimer’s disease have on the mental capabilities of the victims of the disease and what specific part of the brain appears to be damaged?
- decreased memory
- The hippocampus
What type of waves would be seen a person who was really concentrating?
Beta - concentrating, awake, alert
What is the role of the reticular activating system (RAS)?
consciousness
Define perception
preception of the pain (cold, hot) with in the brain
Define sensation
sight, hearing, equilibrium, taste, small
List the general senses and the special senses. Which one of the special sense organs does NOT have hair cells?
All have hair cells Except the Eye( sight)
What is an EEG?
Electroencephalogram
What parts of the body are controlled by the somatic nervous system?
skeletal muscle
When does the autonomic nervous system operate?
ALWAYS Operates unconscious control that maintains homeostasis
In reference to the sympathetic nervous system, what regions of the spinal cord give rise to the preganglionic fibers?
SNS-Thoracolumbar (T1-L2).
PNS- Craniosacral
What are the major effects of this division SNS?
Flight or fight response: increase HR, dilate pupils, etc.
What neurotransmitter substances are utilized by this division SNS?
Postgaglionic in SNS uses epinephrine which is adrenergic.
Define adaptation
Reduction in sensitivity in presence of constant stimulus
What are the major effects of the division PNS?
Rest & Repose response
What neurotransmitter
substances are utilized by this division PNS ?
PNS uses acetylcholine (ACH) in preganglionic neurons.
What body structures receive NO parasympathetic innervation ?
- Skin (sweat glands, arrector pili)
- Adrenal medulla (adrenal gland)
All blood vessels and organs
What is the main integration center of the autonomic nervous system?
Hypothalamus
- Be able to indicate what division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) would be most active in certain activities. For example, running
away from a bear as opposed to reading a book for pleasure
Bear = sympathetic
Sex (Book) = parasympathetic
What bactericidal substance is found in lacrimal fluid?
lysozyme (tears)
What structures compose the three (fibrous, vascular, and sensory) tunics of the eye?
- Vascular: iris, ciliary body, choroid
What is the specific name given to pain receptors?
Nociceptors
What receptors monitor joint position and movement?
Proprioceptors
What is the fovea centralis?
part of the eye, located in the center of the macula lutea. Highest concentration of cones. Area of sharpest vision.
- Merkel discs and Ruffini corpuscles are classified as _________ receptors.
Tactile
What are the three major sensory pathways and the three major motor
pathways?
Sensory: - 1. posterior column tract -2. spinocerebellar tract -3. spinothalamic tract. Motor: - 1. corticospional path -2. medial path -3. lateral path
What is the functional difference between the rods and the cones?
Rods: cannot detect color, permits sight in dim light
Cones: color vision
Define Accommodation
ability to change shape of lens
Define Astigmatism
irregularity in the cornea
Which sensory pathway is often involved in “referred pain’?
“Referred pain” = spinothalamic: ascending from spine to thalamus (starts at spinal cord, ends at thalamus)
What causes cataracts
clouding of the lens
What structure separates the external ear from the middle ear? The middle ear from the inner ear?
- Ear Drum
- Oval Window/Open Window
What structures compose the bony labyrinth of the inner ear?
saccule
utricle
vestibule
What is the actual organ of hearing within the inner ear?
hair cells in the organ of Corti
What portions of the ear are responsible for the sensations of balance and equilibrium?
- Semicircular Canals
- Vestibule
What causes Otitis Media
ear infection
What causes Nystagmus
rapid eye movement from spinning around
What causes Otosclerosis
bone of the middle ear have arthritis
What causes Tinnitus
ringing in the ear
What is a target cell?
any cell that can respond to a hormone
How do hormones travel to their target cells?
by blood stream
List several possible changes that hormones can produce in their target cell
protein synthesis
enzyme activity
What are the three main chemical classes of hormones?
- amino acids
- steroid hormones (lipids)
- peptide
How do hormones differ in their mechanisms for communicating with the internal environment of the cell?
CAN diffuse right through the cell membrane, and attach directly to the cell
Cyclic AMP
Calcium
Be able to recognize examples of both negative and positive feedback in the control of endocrine activity. (NOTE: MOST control mechanisms involve negative feedback.)
An example of positive feedback in the endocrine system would be the effect of a releasing hormone on its specific hormone. When the level of the releasing hormone increases, the level of its specific hormone increases.
What organ controls the secretions of the anterior pituitary?
brain- hypothalamus
What hormone of the anterior pituitary produces the “fight or flight” response during times of stress? What other hormone has this effect?
- ACTH
- Epinephrine
What hormone is secreted in largest amount by the thyroid gland? Which thyroid hormone is the most powerful?
- Tetraiodothyrinine (T4) (largest amount) (Thyrocinel)
- Triiodothyronine (T3) (most powerful)
What is meant by the “calorigenic effect” of the thyroid hormone?
helps to adapt to cold temperatures, and increase metabolism
What is goiter and what is the cause of this condition?
- enlargement of the thyroid
- Iodine Deficiency
What is the effect of the parathyroid hormone?
retain calcium
decreases calcium excretion
increases calcium absorption
What hormone produced by the thyroid gland is antagonistic to the parathyroid hormone?
Calcitonin
List the hormones of the adrenal gland and a brief function for each.
Aldosterone (increases sodium re-absorption)
APH (prevents water loss)
What is the effect of hypersecretion of corticosteroids?
Kushings Disease
What hormones are produced by the kidney and the heart?
Kidney-erythropoietin
Heart- naturetic peptides
What gland produces melatonin?
pineal
What is unique about the pancreas when it is compared to other organs of the endocrine system?
indocrin and exocrin gland
What is the action of insulin and in what specific portion of the pancreas is it produced?
lowers blood sugar levels
beta cells of Islets of Langerhans
What two hormones are referred to as gonadotropins?
FSH
NLH
Indicate the Cause of Addison’s Disease
hyposecreation
In reference to the sympathetic nervous system, what regions of the spinal cord give rise to the preganglionic fibers?
Thoracolumbar (T1-L2).
What are the major effects of this division?
Flight or fight response: increase HR, dilate pupils, etc.
What neurotransmitter substances are utilized by this division?
Postgaglionic in SNS uses epinephrine which is adrenergic.
In reference to the parasympathetic nervous system, what regions of the central nervous system give rise to the preganglionic fibers?
Craniosacral (S2-S4)
What are the major effects of the division?
Rest & Repose response
What neurotransmitter
substances are utilized by this division?
PSNS uses acetylcholine (ACH) in preganglionic neurons.
What portion of the olfactory organ first detects an odor?
hair cells/ cilia
- What is gustation? What are the receptors for this sense and where are they located? What three cranial nerves innervate them?
Taste.
Receptors: on tongue, portions of pharynx & larynx
Cranial nerves: VII, IX, X
List the accessory structures of the eye. What is their main function?
Eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrows
Prevents & protects eye from debris, lubricates eye
What are the aqueous and vitreous humors of the eye and what is the
function of each?- Aqueous: fluid within the anterior chamber of the eye, helps retain eye shape and interocular pressure
- Vitreous: gelatinous, stabilizes eye and supports retina
What is the canal of Schlemm? What dangerous eye condition results if it becomes blocked?
Circular channel in the eye that collects aqueous humor from anterior chamber and delivers it into the bloodstream via anterior cilliary veins.
Condition: glaucoma
What is the “blind spot”?
Where axons of ganglion cells from retina all exit at the back of the eye. Where optic nerve goes out. No rods, no cones.
aka Optic Disc
What is the pigment found in the rods? How is vitamin A related to this
pigment?
Visual Purple aka rhodopsin
Vit A - necessary to convert from one rhodopsin conjugation to another
Define Hyperopia
farsightedness
Define Myopia
nearsightedness
Define Visual Acuity
clarity of vision; normal is 20/20
What causes glaucoma
Increased interocular pressure, failure to drain canal of Schlemm
What causes night blindness
Vit A deficiency
List several possible changes that hormones can produce in their target cell
Interact directly with DNA
Protein synthesis
Increase/decrease activity of enzymes
How do hormones differ in their mechanisms for communicating with the internal environment of the cell?
Amino acids (proteins) and peptides cannot pass thru membrane - need 2nd messenger. Lipids CAN pass thru membranes so are able to interact directly with DNA.
- Be familiar with the names and abbreviations of the hormones of the anterior pituitary and a brief function for each.
Adrenocorticotropic hormome ACTH - fight or flight
Thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH-Secretion of thyroid hormones
Follicle-stimulating hormone FSH-Gonads Growth of reproductive system
Luteinizing hormone Lutropin LH-Gonads Sex hormone production
posterior
anti diuretic hormone ADH- less water in urine
What is the effect of the parathyroid hormone?
Regulates calcium metabolism. (decrease calcium excretion, increase calcium absorption)
What hormone produced by the thyroid gland is antagonistic to
the parathyroid hormone?
Calcitonin
List the hormones of the adrenal gland and a brief function for each.
Aldosterone - causes retention of Na+ by kidneys which causes water retention
What is the effect of hypersecretion of corticosteroids?
Cushing’s disease (hyperadrenalism)
What is the effect of epinephrine produced by the adrenal medulla?
“fight or flight” response
What hormones are produced by the kidney and the heart?
Kidney: erythtopotein
Heart: natriuretic peptide
What gland produces melatonin?
pineal glands
What is unique about the pancreas when it is compared to other
organs of the endocrine system?
It’s both an exocrine and endocrine organ
What is the action of insulin and in what specific portion of the pancreas is it produced?
lowers blood glucose levels
Beta cells
What two hormones are referred to as gonadotropins?
FSH & LH
What is the general function of the Cerebellum?
activates/coordinates/adjusts voluntary & involuntary motor activities
What is the general function of the Cerebrum
higher thought, consciousness
What is the general function of the Hypothalamus?
Center of homeostatis
