A&P Test 2 Flashcards
List the concepts of the cell theory
All living things are composed of cell, all cells come from pre-existing cells.
What terms can be used to describe biological membranes
Phospholipid bilayer, selectively permeable
What structural components of the cell membrane carry out most of the functions of the cell membrane?
Proteins
What properties of a substance will determine whether or not it can diffuse across the plasma membrane?
Small, electrically neutral = simple diffusion
Define Active Transport
movement across a membrane/concentration gradient that requires energy (ATP)
Define Crenation
RBC loses water in hypertonic solution (shrinks)
Define Diffusion
Going from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Passive transport across a membrane/concentration gradient. small electrically neutral
Define Endocytosis
Taken into a cell. Receptor mediated.
Define Exocytosis
Secreted/taken out of cell
Define Facilitated Diffusion
Passive, carrier proteins transport molecules too large to fit through channel proteins. Does NOT require energy/ATP.
Define Hemolysis
Bursting of a RBC and releasing its hemoglobin.
Define Hypertonic
Solution outside cell has more solute particles than what’s inside the cell, results in water flowing out of cell (crenation)
Define Hypotonic
Solution outside cell has less solute particles than what’s inside the cell, results in water flowing into cell and possibly bursting the cell
Define Isotonic
Solute particles inside and outside the cell are equal. Normal RBC, no change in shape, no osmotic water flow in or out of cell.
Define Osmosis
The diffusion of water across a cell membrane
Define Osmotic Pressure
The force required to stop osmosis of water across a concentration gradient/cell membrane.
Define Phagocytosis
The “eating” of large particles by a cell
Define Pinocytosis
Small, soluble particles taken in (drank) by a cell
Define Selectively Permeable
Membrane that allows only certain things to pass through
Define Vesicular Transport
Active transport through the vesicles of a cell
Which of the Defined involves as carrier proteins
facilitated diffusion
What happens to a RBC that is Hypertonic
shrink water drawn out of cell crenation
What happens to a RBC that is Hypotonic
swell and burst water taken in the cell
What happens to a RBC that is isotonic
nothing
The DNA in the nucleus of a resting cell is loosely coiled into_________
which becomes visible in a dividing cell as _____________.
chromatin;
chromosome
What is the genetic code and where is it located?
Code is DNA. Located in nucleus.
What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
Protein synthesis from DNA.
DNA -> transcription to -> mRNA translation to -> protein
What is transcription? Translation?
Synthesis of mRNA
Synthesis of proteins
Name the three types of RNA and indicate their functions.
- rRna (ribosomal RNA): structure of Ribosome
- mRNA (messenger RNA): carries codon; shortest life
- tRNA (transfer RNA): carries anticodon
Which type carries the codon? The anticodon? Which one is the most short-lived?
mRNA (messenger RNA): carries codon; shortest life
tRNA (transfer RNA): carries anticodon
What happens during DNA replication?
DNA “unzips” with helicase. Both strands act as templates.
What is cytokinesis?
division of the cytoplasm
.What is differentiation and what is responsible for this process?
Not every gene acts in every cell or is active at the same time. Differentiation produces specialized cells.
What causes cells to develop into cancer?
Uncontrolled cell division. The “check phase” is skipped.
List the characteristics of epithelial tissue.
No blood supply (avascularity)
Cells tightly packed (polarity, cellularity)
Always has a free surface (attachment, regeneration)
Which ones are especially important in the heart?
gap junctions
What is “stratified” squamous epithelial tissue?
several layers, thin and flat
Define apocrine
Tip of cell is lost when secretion produced. Mammary glands.
List the functions of connective tissue.
Provides structure (bone) Stores energy (fat) Transports materials (blood) No contact with environment Connects epithelium to basal lamina
What are the basic components of all connective tissue?
Extracellular fibers
Matrix (ground substance)
Name the three types of fibers found in connective tissue. What cells produce these fibers?
Collagen (white)
Reticular
Elastic (yellow)
Name three broad classes of connective tissue and the specific types found in each class.
Fluid: blood and lymph
Supportive: bone and cartilage
Connective: areolar (loose), adipose, reticular, dense regular, dense irregular
Be able to recognize examples of where the various types of connective tissues are found in the body for the second set of matching.
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Name the two functional components of the integumentary system.
dermis and epidermis
List the layers of the epidermis in order from deepest to outermost.
Germinativum
Spinosum
Granulosum
Ludicium
Which of the above layers are capable of mitosis? Which one is found only in thick skin?
- Germinativum
- Ludicium
What is cornified (“horny”) epithelial tissue?
Karatinized tissue- waterproof
What is actually responsible for differences in skin color?
Melanin
What are the two major components of the dermis?
Papillary layer
Reticular layer
What structures are present in the dermis that are lacking in the epidermis and vice versa?
Dermis: blood supply, sensory receptors, nerves
Epidermis: melanocytes
What are “arector pili’? What obvious effect do they cause?
Tiny involuntary smooth muscles attached to each hair. Causes goose bumps.
Describe the structure of the hair follicle. Indicate in which layer of the skin hair production actually occurs
Epidermis
How do the secretions of apocrine and merocrine sweat glands differ?
Apocrin: sticky, cloudy, odorous
Merocrine: watery, salts, organic compounds
What substance produced by the holocrine ebaceous glands has an antibacterial effect?
Sebum
Describe the structure of a nail. Where does nail production actually occur?
Nail root
What causes the sagging and wrinkling of the skin that occurs with age?
Dehydration
Hormonal changes
UV exposure
Decrease in elastic fiber
Matching Mitosis
Interphase: DNA replicates Prophase: Spindle fibers appear Metaphase: Chromosomes line up Anaphase: Centromeres Split Telaphase: Nuclear membrane formes
Define Holocrine
Entire cell (such as cytoplasm) is lost during secretion. Sebacious glands.
Define Merocrine
Produce secretion through exocytosis. Sweat glands.
