A&P Test 2

Question 1

List the concepts of the cell theory

Answer 1

All living things are composed of cell, all cells come from pre-existing cells.

Question 2

What terms can be used to describe biological membranes

Answer 2

Phospholipid bilayer, selectively permeable

Question 3

What structural components of the cell membrane carry out most of the functions of the cell membrane?

Answer 3

Proteins

Question 4

What properties of a substance will determine whether or not it can diffuse across the plasma membrane?

Answer 4

Small, electrically neutral = simple diffusion

Question 5

Define Active Transport

Answer 5

movement across a membrane/concentration gradient that requires energy (ATP)

Question 6

Define Crenation

Answer 6

RBC loses water in hypertonic solution (shrinks)

Question 7

Define Diffusion

Answer 7

Going from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Passive transport across a membrane/concentration gradient. small electrically neutral

Question 8

Define Endocytosis

Answer 8

Taken into a cell. Receptor mediated.

Question 9

Define Exocytosis

Answer 9

Secreted/taken out of cell

Question 10

Define Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 10

Passive, carrier proteins transport molecules too large to fit through channel proteins. Does NOT require energy/ATP.

Question 11

Define Hemolysis

Answer 11

Bursting of a RBC and releasing its hemoglobin.

Question 12

Define Hypertonic

Answer 12

Solution outside cell has more solute particles than what’s inside the cell, results in water flowing out of cell (crenation)

Question 13

Define Hypotonic

Answer 13

Solution outside cell has less solute particles than what’s inside the cell, results in water flowing into cell and possibly bursting the cell

Question 14

Define Isotonic

Answer 14

Solute particles inside and outside the cell are equal. Normal RBC, no change in shape, no osmotic water flow in or out of cell.

Question 15

Define Osmosis

Answer 15

The diffusion of water across a cell membrane

Question 16

Define Osmotic Pressure

Answer 16

The force required to stop osmosis of water across a concentration gradient/cell membrane.

Question 17

Define Phagocytosis

Answer 17

The “eating” of large particles by a cell

Question 18

Define Pinocytosis

Answer 18

Small, soluble particles taken in (drank) by a cell

Question 19

Define Selectively Permeable

Answer 19

Membrane that allows only certain things to pass through

Question 20

Define Vesicular Transport

Answer 20

Active transport through the vesicles of a cell

Question 21

Which of the Defined involves as carrier proteins

Answer 21

facilitated diffusion

Question 22

What happens to a RBC that is Hypertonic

Answer 22

shrink water drawn out of cell crenation

Question 23

What happens to a RBC that is Hypotonic

Answer 23

swell and burst water taken in the cell

Question 24

What happens to a RBC that is isotonic

Answer 24

nothing

Question 25

The DNA in the nucleus of a resting cell is loosely coiled into_________ which becomes visible in a dividing cell as _____________.

Answer 25

chromatin; | chromosome

Question 26

What is the genetic code and where is it located?

Answer 26

Code is DNA. Located in nucleus.

Question 27

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

Answer 27

Protein synthesis from DNA. | DNA -> transcription to -> mRNA translation to -> protein

Question 28

What is transcription? Translation?

Answer 28

Synthesis of mRNA | Synthesis of proteins

Question 29

Name the three types of RNA and indicate their functions.

Answer 29

1. rRna (ribosomal RNA): structure of Ribosome 2. mRNA (messenger RNA): carries codon; shortest life 3. tRNA (transfer RNA): carries anticodon

Question 30

Which type carries the codon? The anticodon? Which one is the most short-lived?

Answer 30

mRNA (messenger RNA): carries codon; shortest life | tRNA (transfer RNA): carries anticodon

Question 31

What happens during DNA replication?

Answer 31

DNA "unzips" with helicase. Both strands act as templates.

Question 32

What is cytokinesis?

Answer 32

division of the cytoplasm

Question 33

.What is differentiation and what is responsible for this process?

Answer 33

Not every gene acts in every cell or is active at the same time. Differentiation produces specialized cells.

Question 34

What causes cells to develop into cancer?

Answer 34

Uncontrolled cell division. The "check phase" is skipped.

Question 35

List the characteristics of epithelial tissue.

Answer 35

No blood supply (avascularity) Cells tightly packed (polarity, cellularity) Always has a free surface (attachment, regeneration)

Question 36

Which ones are especially important in the heart?

Answer 36

gap junctions

Question 37

What is “stratified” squamous epithelial tissue?

Answer 37

several layers, thin and flat

Question 38

Define apocrine

Answer 38

Tip of cell is lost when secretion produced. Mammary glands.

Question 39

List the functions of connective tissue.

Answer 39

``` Provides structure (bone) Stores energy (fat) Transports materials (blood) No contact with environment Connects epithelium to basal lamina ```

Question 40

What are the basic components of all connective tissue?

Answer 40

Extracellular fibers | Matrix (ground substance)

Question 41

Name the three types of fibers found in connective tissue. What cells produce these fibers?

Answer 41

Collagen (white) Reticular Elastic (yellow)

Question 42

Name three broad classes of connective tissue and the specific types found in each class.

Answer 42

Fluid: blood and lymph Supportive: bone and cartilage Connective: areolar (loose), adipose, reticular, dense regular, dense irregular

Question 43

Be able to recognize examples of where the various types of connective tissues are found in the body for the second set of matching.

Answer 43

j

Question 44

Name the two functional components of the integumentary system.

Answer 44

dermis and epidermis

Question 45

List the layers of the epidermis in order from deepest to outermost.

Answer 45

Germinativum Spinosum Granulosum Ludicium

Question 46

Which of the above layers are capable of mitosis? Which one is found only in thick skin?

Answer 46

- Germinativum | - Ludicium

Question 47

What is cornified (“horny”) epithelial tissue?

Answer 47

Karatinized tissue- waterproof

Question 48

What is actually responsible for differences in skin color?

Answer 48

Melanin

Question 49

What are the two major components of the dermis?

Answer 49

Papillary layer | Reticular layer

Question 50

What structures are present in the dermis that are lacking in the epidermis and vice versa?

Answer 50

Dermis: blood supply, sensory receptors, nerves Epidermis: melanocytes

Question 51

What are “arector pili’? What obvious effect do they cause?

Answer 51

Tiny involuntary smooth muscles attached to each hair. Causes goose bumps.

Question 52

Describe the structure of the hair follicle. Indicate in which layer of the skin hair production actually occurs

Answer 52

Epidermis

Question 53

How do the secretions of apocrine and merocrine sweat glands differ?

Answer 53

Apocrin: sticky, cloudy, odorous Merocrine: watery, salts, organic compounds

Question 54

What substance produced by the holocrine ebaceous glands has an antibacterial effect?

Answer 54

Sebum

Question 55

Describe the structure of a nail. Where does nail production actually occur?

Answer 55

Nail root

Question 56

What causes the sagging and wrinkling of the skin that occurs with age?

Answer 56

Dehydration Hormonal changes UV exposure Decrease in elastic fiber

Question 57

Matching Mitosis

Answer 57

``` Interphase: DNA replicates Prophase: Spindle fibers appear Metaphase: Chromosomes line up Anaphase: Centromeres Split Telaphase: Nuclear membrane formes ```

Question 58

Define Holocrine

Answer 58

Entire cell (such as cytoplasm) is lost during secretion. Sebacious glands.

Question 59

Define Merocrine

Answer 59

Produce secretion through exocytosis. Sweat glands.