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Anatamy and Physiology > A&P Test 2 > Flashcards

A&P Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

List the concepts of the cell theory

A

All living things are composed of cell, all cells come from pre-existing cells.

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2
Q

What terms can be used to describe biological membranes

A

Phospholipid bilayer, selectively permeable

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3
Q

What structural components of the cell membrane carry out most of the functions of the cell membrane?

A

Proteins

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4
Q

What properties of a substance will determine whether or not it can diffuse across the plasma membrane?

A

Small, electrically neutral = simple diffusion

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5
Q

Define Active Transport

A

movement across a membrane/concentration gradient that requires energy (ATP)

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6
Q

Define Crenation

A

RBC loses water in hypertonic solution (shrinks)

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7
Q

Define Diffusion

A

Going from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Passive transport across a membrane/concentration gradient. small electrically neutral

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8
Q

Define Endocytosis

A

Taken into a cell. Receptor mediated.

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9
Q

Define Exocytosis

A

Secreted/taken out of cell

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10
Q

Define Facilitated Diffusion

A

Passive, carrier proteins transport molecules too large to fit through channel proteins. Does NOT require energy/ATP.

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11
Q

Define Hemolysis

A

Bursting of a RBC and releasing its hemoglobin.

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12
Q

Define Hypertonic

A

Solution outside cell has more solute particles than what’s inside the cell, results in water flowing out of cell (crenation)

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13
Q

Define Hypotonic

A

Solution outside cell has less solute particles than what’s inside the cell, results in water flowing into cell and possibly bursting the cell

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14
Q

Define Isotonic

A

Solute particles inside and outside the cell are equal. Normal RBC, no change in shape, no osmotic water flow in or out of cell.

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15
Q

Define Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water across a cell membrane

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16
Q

Define Osmotic Pressure

A

The force required to stop osmosis of water across a concentration gradient/cell membrane.

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17
Q

Define Phagocytosis

A

The “eating” of large particles by a cell

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18
Q

Define Pinocytosis

A

Small, soluble particles taken in (drank) by a cell

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19
Q

Define Selectively Permeable

A

Membrane that allows only certain things to pass through

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20
Q

Define Vesicular Transport

A

Active transport through the vesicles of a cell

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21
Q

Which of the Defined involves as carrier proteins

A

facilitated diffusion

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22
Q

What happens to a RBC that is Hypertonic

A

shrink water drawn out of cell crenation

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23
Q

What happens to a RBC that is Hypotonic

A

swell and burst water taken in the cell

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24
Q

What happens to a RBC that is isotonic

A

nothing

25
Q

The DNA in the nucleus of a resting cell is loosely coiled into_________
which becomes visible in a dividing cell as _____________.

A

chromatin;

chromosome

26
Q

What is the genetic code and where is it located?

A

Code is DNA. Located in nucleus.

27
Q

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

A

Protein synthesis from DNA.

DNA -> transcription to -> mRNA translation to -> protein

28
Q

What is transcription? Translation?

A

Synthesis of mRNA

Synthesis of proteins

29
Q

Name the three types of RNA and indicate their functions.

A
  1. rRna (ribosomal RNA): structure of Ribosome
  2. mRNA (messenger RNA): carries codon; shortest life
  3. tRNA (transfer RNA): carries anticodon
30
Q

Which type carries the codon? The anticodon? Which one is the most short-lived?

A

mRNA (messenger RNA): carries codon; shortest life

tRNA (transfer RNA): carries anticodon

31
Q

What happens during DNA replication?

A

DNA “unzips” with helicase. Both strands act as templates.

32
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

division of the cytoplasm

33
Q

.What is differentiation and what is responsible for this process?

A

Not every gene acts in every cell or is active at the same time. Differentiation produces specialized cells.

34
Q

What causes cells to develop into cancer?

A

Uncontrolled cell division. The “check phase” is skipped.

35
Q

List the characteristics of epithelial tissue.

A

No blood supply (avascularity)
Cells tightly packed (polarity, cellularity)
Always has a free surface (attachment, regeneration)

36
Q

Which ones are especially important in the heart?

A

gap junctions

37
Q

What is “stratified” squamous epithelial tissue?

A

several layers, thin and flat

38
Q

Define apocrine

A

Tip of cell is lost when secretion produced. Mammary glands.

39
Q

List the functions of connective tissue.

A 
Provides structure (bone)
Stores energy (fat)
Transports materials (blood)
No contact with environment
Connects epithelium to basal lamina
40
Q

What are the basic components of all connective tissue?

A

Extracellular fibers

Matrix (ground substance)

41
Q

Name the three types of fibers found in connective tissue. What cells produce these fibers?

A

Collagen (white)
Reticular
Elastic (yellow)

42
Q

Name three broad classes of connective tissue and the specific types found in each class.

A

Fluid: blood and lymph
Supportive: bone and cartilage
Connective: areolar (loose), adipose, reticular, dense regular, dense irregular

43
Q

Be able to recognize examples of where the various types of connective tissues are found in the body for the second set of matching.

A

j

44
Q

Name the two functional components of the integumentary system.

A

dermis and epidermis

45
Q

List the layers of the epidermis in order from deepest to outermost.

A

Germinativum
Spinosum
Granulosum
Ludicium

46
Q

Which of the above layers are capable of mitosis? Which one is found only in thick skin?

A
  • Germinativum

- Ludicium

47
Q

What is cornified (“horny”) epithelial tissue?

A

Karatinized tissue- waterproof

48
Q

What is actually responsible for differences in skin color?

A

Melanin

49
Q

What are the two major components of the dermis?

A

Papillary layer

Reticular layer

50
Q

What structures are present in the dermis that are lacking in the epidermis and vice versa?

A

Dermis: blood supply, sensory receptors, nerves
Epidermis: melanocytes

51
Q

What are “arector pili’? What obvious effect do they cause?

A

Tiny involuntary smooth muscles attached to each hair. Causes goose bumps.

52
Q

Describe the structure of the hair follicle. Indicate in which layer of the skin hair production actually occurs

A

Epidermis

53
Q

How do the secretions of apocrine and merocrine sweat glands differ?

A

Apocrin: sticky, cloudy, odorous
Merocrine: watery, salts, organic compounds

54
Q

What substance produced by the holocrine ebaceous glands has an antibacterial effect?

A

Sebum

55
Q

Describe the structure of a nail. Where does nail production actually occur?

A

Nail root

56
Q

What causes the sagging and wrinkling of the skin that occurs with age?

A

Dehydration
Hormonal changes
UV exposure
Decrease in elastic fiber

57
Q

Matching Mitosis

A 
Interphase: DNA replicates  
Prophase: Spindle fibers appear 
Metaphase: Chromosomes line up
Anaphase: Centromeres Split 
Telaphase: Nuclear membrane formes
58
Q

Define Holocrine

A

Entire cell (such as cytoplasm) is lost during secretion. Sebacious glands.

59
Q

Define Merocrine

A

Produce secretion through exocytosis. Sweat glands.

Anatamy and Physiology (10 decks)

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