Ana & Phy Exam 1 Flashcards
Define Physiology
the study of function;deals with the ways organisms perform vital activities
Define Gross Anatomy
the study of the structural features of the body without the aid of a microscope
Define Regional
focuses on the anatomical organization of specific areas of the body, such as the head,neck, or trunk.
Define Systemic
is the study of the structure of organ systems, which are groups of organs that function together in a coordinated manner
Define Surface Anatomy
is the study of general form and superficial markings
Define Microscopic Anatomy
deals with structures that cannot be seen without magnification
Defice Cytology
is the analysis of the internal structure of individuals cells, the simplest units of life
Define Developmental Anatomy
describes the changes in form that occur between conception and physical maturity
Name the Levels of organization form lowest to highest
- Chemical Level (Molecular)
- Cellular Level (basic unit of all living things)
- Tissue Level
- Organ Level
- Organ System Level
- Organism Level
List the 11 organ systems of the body and briefly state their function
- integumentary
- muscular
- skeletal
- nervous
- circulatory
- lymphatic
- respiratory
- endocrine
- urinary/excretory
- reproductive
- digestive
What is Homostasis
refers to the existence of a stable internal environment
What will result when homeostatic regulations fails
is the adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis, sickness or death
What is meant by positive feedback, negative feedback. Examples of each.
-Positive Feedback; a mechanism that increases a deviation from normal limits after an initial stimulus
(PF; ex. labor, blood clotting )
-Negative Feedback; a corrective mechanism that opposes or negates a variation from normal limits
(NF; ex. control of the body temperature)
Regions of the Human Body ( Fig 1.6 pg 14, Tb 1.2,pg 15)
- Cephalon (head)
- Cervicis (neck)
- Thoracis (thorax or chest)
- Brachium (arm)
- Antebrachium (forearm)
- Carpus (wrist)
- Manus (hand)
- Abdomen
- Lumbus (loin)
Review the abdominopelvic quadrants and regions?
- Pelvic Cavity
- Inferior portion
- Contains reproductive organs, rectum, and bladder
What might be the cause of epigastric pain?
Galbladder
Review the body cavities and the main organs located in each?
Pieural Cavity- Heart
Pericardial Cavity- Lungs
Where is the Mediastinum
is the center of the chest (thoracic cavity)
Review the serous membranes which cover the body walls and the organs in the various cavities
- Peritoneum: abdominal/pelvic
- Pleura: thoracic (lung)
- Pericardium: thoracic cavity
- Parietal: Cavity wall
- Visceral: organ
what is meant by the term retroperitoneal space
area posterior to peritoneum and anterior to muscular body wall, contains pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and parts of the digestive tract
What are isotopes
Atoms of the same element whose nuclei contain the same protons but different #’s of neutrons
How do the isotopes of an element differ from on another
Different on a basis of mass
How is the atomic weight of an atom determined
average mass number that reflects the proportions of different isotopes
Where is most of the mass of an atom located
Nucleus
Where are the electrons of an atom located
Rotating around nucleus in Electron cloud
How are ionic bonds formed
electron attraction (transfer) between anions & cations
Poistive ions have _____
electrons and are called ________.
-Lost: Cations
Negative ions have_______ electrons and are called _______
-Gained: Anions
How are covalent bonds formed
Sharing Electrons
What is a hydrogen bond and when is it formed
bonds between adjacent molecules not atoms
Define Decomposition Reaction
Breaks down chemical bonds AB => A+B
Define Synthesis Reaction
Forms Bonds A+B => AB (makes larger to smaller)
Define Exchange Reaction
Decomposition reaction first then synthesis
AB+CD =>AC+BD
Define Catabolism
Break down (Decomposition)
Define Anabolism
Construction (Synthesis)
Define Metabolism
Break down of molecules/nutrients in the body
Define Exergonic (exothermic) Reaction
Produces more energy than is used, gives off heat
Define Endergonic (endohermic) Reaction
Uses more energy than is produced (requires ATP)
Define Equilibrium Reaction
Reactions still occur, but there is no net change
What is an Acid
High H+ concentration
Acidic solutions have a pH of ______ than 7
-Less
What is a base
High OH- Concentration (proton accepter)
Basic solutions have a pH of ______ than 7
-Greater
Name two unusual properties of water
- Dissolves polar and non polar substances
- Only substance which contracts on heating and expands on cooling
Why is water important in the body
Because most body chemistry happens in water
Define Ionization
converting an atom of molecule into an ion by dding or removing charged particles (electrons)
Define Salt
solutes that dissociate into cations and anions
Define Electrolyte
Inorganic ions that conduct electricity in solution
List the three main classes of Carbohydrates and give an example of each
- Monosaccharide: glucose, fructose, galactose
- Disaccharide: sucrose, maltose
- Polysaccharide: glycogen, cellulose, starch
Define Fatty Acid
Long chains of carbon & hydrogen with COOH on the end
Define Saturated
Fatty acid that has carbon-hydrogen bonds satisfied single bonds
Ex. animal fat
Define Unsaturated
any fatty acid that contains less than the maximum # of hydrogen & so has one or more double carbon-carbon bonds
Ex. Nuts, Olive oil
Define Polyunsaturated
Fatty acids containing more than one double carbon-carbon bond
Ex. canola, walnuts
Define Triglyceride
3 fatty acid trails attached to a glycerol molecule
Define Steroid
4 C & H rings w/ functional group
Ex. cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen
Define Phospholipid
Diglyceride & Phosphate group
Which of the lipids listed in # 31 is the most abundant in the body
Triglicerides
What are the most important organic compounds in the body and what are their functions
- Structural: Build suppot structures
- Contractile: Movement
- Carriers: Transport
- pH: Buffers
- Enzymes: Metabolic Regulation
- Antibodies: Defense
- Hormones: coordination & control
What are the “Building Blocks” of a protein and what type of bond joins them together
Amino acids, Peptide bonds
What is protein Denaturation
process of destroying the native shape in secondary & tertiary structures by breaking down various linkages. Loss of shape or function due to heat or pH
Define Enzyme
Proteins that lower activation energy of reaction & are not used up or changed (organic catalyst)
Define Activation Energy
the amount of energy needed to get reaction started
Define Substrate
a molecule on which an enzyme acts
Define Product
Enzyme + Substrate => Enzyme / Substrate complex => Enzyme + Product
Define Active Site
part of an enzyme where substrates bind + undergo a chemical reaction
Which one of the terms in question #37 is defined as an organic catalyst
Enzyme
What are nucleotides
Building Blocks of DNA + RNA
What “Building Blocks” are used to construct them
They are constructed of sugar + phosphate group + nitrogenous base (A, T, G, C and U in RNA only )
What is meant by the term “complementary base pairing”
(Purines pair with pyramidines)
1 ring always pairs with 2 rings
Which bases always pair in DNA
A-T
C-G
How is the pairing different in RNA
A-U
C-G
What high energy compound is referred to as the “Energy Currency” of the cell
ATP
What are the functions of organic molecules in the body
structural support, repair, fuel, growth, secretions
In what party of the cells does glycolysis take place
Cytoplasm
What is the end product of Glycolysis
Pyruvic acid (pyruvate)
What is the very first reaction in Kreb’s Cycle
Acetyl COA + oxaloacetic acid => citric acid
What two Coenzymes are used as hydrogen carriers in Kreb’s Cycle
NAD, FAD
What substances can be metabolized through Kreb’s Cycle
all carbohydrates, proteins + lipids
What is the electron transport system (ETS) and what are the carrier proteins of the system called
Transfer of H+ ions across a membrane.
Cytochromes
Where do both Kreb’s Cycle and the ETS occur in the cell
Mitochondria
How many molecules of ATP result from glycolysis alone
Net 2
How many total ATP can be produced from one molecule of glucose in the presence of oxygen
36
What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic cellular respiration
Oxygen
What is Chemiosmosis
Formation of ATP from H+ gradient set up on 2 sides of a membrane (Chemoiosomotic Phosphorylation)
What is Gluconeogenesis
synthesis of glucose from non carbohydrate precursors
What process can be used for Gluconeogenesis
- Lactic Acid
- Glycerol
- Amino Acids
What is the main storage form of carbohydrate in animals
In what organ(s) is it stored
Glycogen in liver + skeletal muscle
Define Lipolysis
Lipid metabolism breaks lipids down to:
- be converted to pyruvic acid
- channeled directly to CAC
Define Beta Oxidation
Breaks fatty acid molecules to 2 carbon fragments occurs in mitochondria
Define Lipogenesis
Lipid synthesis
Define Chylomicrons
Lipo protein particles that consist of triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins.
Transport dietary lipids from intestines to other location in the body
Define High Density Lipoproteins (HDL)
30% of blood cholesterol “Good Chlosterol”
Define Low Density Lipoproteins(LDL)
“Bad Cholesterol”
Define Ketone Bodies
Break down of Acetyl COA during fat metabolism
Define Ketosis (Ketoacidosis)
out of control (abnormal) metabolism
By which process listed in #55 are fats broken down?
Beta Oxidation
Which process results from abnormal carbohydrate metabolism or increased fat metabolism?
Ketoacidosis
Which lipoprotein is considered to be the “good” kind because it lowers the risk of heart attack?
HDL
Define Transamination
a chemical reaction between two molecules that converts keto acid to amino acid
Define Deamiation
removal of an amine group from a molecule (generates NH4+)
Define Urea
the main waste product of protein metabolism H20 soluble compound excreted in urine
Which of the above is the main waste product of protein metabolism
Urea
What are essential amino acids and which amino acids are essential?
Essential for life/protein synthesis must be supplied by diet 8 nonsynthesized by body;
(glycine not essential)
What tissues in the body are the most important to metabolism?
Liver, adipose, skeletal, neural, other peripheral tissues
What are the five basic food groups and what shape is commonly used to represent them?
Grains, vegetables, meat + beans, fruits, milk pyramid
What are minerals and what general functions do they serve in the body
Inorganic ions released through dissociation of electrolytes mainly cofactors for enzymes obtained though diet
The Major Extracelular cation is ________ and the Major Untracellular cation is __________
- sodium
- potassium
List the four fat soluble vitamins and indicate one function for each.
A: Vision
E:
K:blood clotting
D: Bones
Which one can be made in the skin following exposure to UV light?
Vitamin D
Why is “overdosing” with fat soluble vitamins much more dangerous than with water soluble vitamins?
the body cannot excrete excess waste products, they can cause CNS, tissue + liver damage
List the water soluble vitamins and indicate the significance of each.
B1: Thiamine B2: Riboflavin B5: Pantothenic Acid B6: Pyroxidine B9: Folate B12: Niacine, Biotin
Which B vitamin is most closely associated with protein metabolism?
B6
What is a calorie
energy required to raise 1g of water 1 deg C
What is a Kilocalorie (C)
energy required to raise 1 Kg of water 1 deg C
Carbohydrates and proteins provide ______ kilocalories per gram of food whereas fats provide ______.
- 4
- 9 (fat)
What is meant by the term basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
minimum resting energy expenditure
What is thermoregulation?
the ability of an organism to keep its body temp with in certain boundaries, even when surrounding temp is very different
What four basic processes interact to accomplish thermoregulation?
Which is the most important?
Radiation (most important) conduction, convection, evaporation
What two centers in the hypothalamus in the brain are “in charge” of thermoregulation?
Heat gain center, heat loss center pre-optic area of anterior hypothalamus
What is brown fat and what is its significance?
Highly Vascualrized adipose tissue infants compensate for inability to shiver when cold
