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Anatamy and Physiology > Ana & Phy Exam 1 > Flashcards

Ana & Phy Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Physiology

A

the study of function;deals with the ways organisms perform vital activities

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2
Q

Define Gross Anatomy

A

the study of the structural features of the body without the aid of a microscope

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3
Q

Define Regional

A

focuses on the anatomical organization of specific areas of the body, such as the head,neck, or trunk.

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4
Q

Define Systemic

A

is the study of the structure of organ systems, which are groups of organs that function together in a coordinated manner

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5
Q

Define Surface Anatomy

A

is the study of general form and superficial markings

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6
Q

Define Microscopic Anatomy

A

deals with structures that cannot be seen without magnification

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7
Q

Defice Cytology

A

is the analysis of the internal structure of individuals cells, the simplest units of life

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8
Q

Define Developmental Anatomy

A

describes the changes in form that occur between conception and physical maturity

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9
Q

Name the Levels of organization form lowest to highest

A
  • Chemical Level (Molecular)
  • Cellular Level (basic unit of all living things)
  • Tissue Level
  • Organ Level
  • Organ System Level
  • Organism Level
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10
Q

List the 11 organ systems of the body and briefly state their function

A
  • integumentary
  • muscular
  • skeletal
  • nervous
  • circulatory
  • lymphatic
  • respiratory
  • endocrine
  • urinary/excretory
  • reproductive
  • digestive
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11
Q

What is Homostasis

A

refers to the existence of a stable internal environment

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12
Q

What will result when homeostatic regulations fails

A

is the adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis, sickness or death

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13
Q

What is meant by positive feedback, negative feedback. Examples of each.

A

-Positive Feedback; a mechanism that increases a deviation from normal limits after an initial stimulus
(PF; ex. labor, blood clotting )
-Negative Feedback; a corrective mechanism that opposes or negates a variation from normal limits
(NF; ex. control of the body temperature)

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14
Q

Regions of the Human Body ( Fig 1.6 pg 14, Tb 1.2,pg 15)

A
  • Cephalon (head)
  • Cervicis (neck)
  • Thoracis (thorax or chest)
  • Brachium (arm)
  • Antebrachium (forearm)
  • Carpus (wrist)
  • Manus (hand)
  • Abdomen
  • Lumbus (loin)
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15
Q

Review the abdominopelvic quadrants and regions?

A
  • Pelvic Cavity
  • Inferior portion
  • Contains reproductive organs, rectum, and bladder
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16
Q

What might be the cause of epigastric pain?

A

Galbladder

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17
Q

Review the body cavities and the main organs located in each?

A

Pieural Cavity- Heart

Pericardial Cavity- Lungs

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18
Q

Where is the Mediastinum

A

is the center of the chest (thoracic cavity)

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19
Q

Review the serous membranes which cover the body walls and the organs in the various cavities

A
  • Peritoneum: abdominal/pelvic
  • Pleura: thoracic (lung)
  • Pericardium: thoracic cavity
  • Parietal: Cavity wall
  • Visceral: organ
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20
Q

what is meant by the term retroperitoneal space

A

area posterior to peritoneum and anterior to muscular body wall, contains pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and parts of the digestive tract

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21
Q

What are isotopes

A

Atoms of the same element whose nuclei contain the same protons but different #’s of neutrons

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22
Q

How do the isotopes of an element differ from on another

A

Different on a basis of mass

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23
Q

How is the atomic weight of an atom determined

A

average mass number that reflects the proportions of different isotopes

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24
Q

Where is most of the mass of an atom located

A

Nucleus

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25
Q

Where are the electrons of an atom located

A

Rotating around nucleus in Electron cloud

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26
Q

How are ionic bonds formed

A

electron attraction (transfer) between anions & cations

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27
Q

Poistive ions have _____

electrons and are called ________.

A

-Lost: Cations

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28
Q

Negative ions have_______ electrons and are called _______

A

-Gained: Anions

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29
Q

How are covalent bonds formed

A

Sharing Electrons

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30
Q

What is a hydrogen bond and when is it formed

A

bonds between adjacent molecules not atoms

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31
Q

Define Decomposition Reaction

A

Breaks down chemical bonds AB => A+B

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32
Q

Define Synthesis Reaction

A

Forms Bonds A+B => AB (makes larger to smaller)

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33
Q

Define Exchange Reaction

A

Decomposition reaction first then synthesis

AB+CD =>AC+BD

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34
Q

Define Catabolism

A

Break down (Decomposition)

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35
Q

Define Anabolism

A

Construction (Synthesis)

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36
Q

Define Metabolism

A

Break down of molecules/nutrients in the body

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37
Q

Define Exergonic (exothermic) Reaction

A

Produces more energy than is used, gives off heat

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38
Q

Define Endergonic (endohermic) Reaction

A

Uses more energy than is produced (requires ATP)

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39
Q

Define Equilibrium Reaction

A

Reactions still occur, but there is no net change

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40
Q

What is an Acid

A

High H+ concentration

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41
Q

Acidic solutions have a pH of ______ than 7

A

-Less

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42
Q

What is a base

A

High OH- Concentration (proton accepter)

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43
Q

Basic solutions have a pH of ______ than 7

A

-Greater

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44
Q

Name two unusual properties of water

A
  • Dissolves polar and non polar substances

- Only substance which contracts on heating and expands on cooling

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45
Q

Why is water important in the body

A

Because most body chemistry happens in water

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46
Q

Define Ionization

A

converting an atom of molecule into an ion by dding or removing charged particles (electrons)

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47
Q

Define Salt

A

solutes that dissociate into cations and anions

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48
Q

Define Electrolyte

A

Inorganic ions that conduct electricity in solution

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49
Q

List the three main classes of Carbohydrates and give an example of each

A
  • Monosaccharide: glucose, fructose, galactose
  • Disaccharide: sucrose, maltose
  • Polysaccharide: glycogen, cellulose, starch
50
Q

Define Fatty Acid

A

Long chains of carbon & hydrogen with COOH on the end

51
Q

Define Saturated

A

Fatty acid that has carbon-hydrogen bonds satisfied single bonds
Ex. animal fat

52
Q

Define Unsaturated

A

any fatty acid that contains less than the maximum # of hydrogen & so has one or more double carbon-carbon bonds
Ex. Nuts, Olive oil

53
Q

Define Polyunsaturated

A

Fatty acids containing more than one double carbon-carbon bond
Ex. canola, walnuts

54
Q

Define Triglyceride

A

3 fatty acid trails attached to a glycerol molecule

55
Q

Define Steroid

A

4 C & H rings w/ functional group

Ex. cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen

56
Q

Define Phospholipid

A

Diglyceride & Phosphate group

57
Q

Which of the lipids listed in # 31 is the most abundant in the body

A

Triglicerides

58
Q

What are the most important organic compounds in the body and what are their functions

A
  • Structural: Build suppot structures
  • Contractile: Movement
  • Carriers: Transport
  • pH: Buffers
  • Enzymes: Metabolic Regulation
  • Antibodies: Defense
  • Hormones: coordination & control
59
Q

What are the “Building Blocks” of a protein and what type of bond joins them together

A

Amino acids, Peptide bonds

60
Q

What is protein Denaturation

A

process of destroying the native shape in secondary & tertiary structures by breaking down various linkages. Loss of shape or function due to heat or pH

61
Q

Define Enzyme

A

Proteins that lower activation energy of reaction & are not used up or changed (organic catalyst)

62
Q

Define Activation Energy

A

the amount of energy needed to get reaction started

63
Q

Define Substrate

A

a molecule on which an enzyme acts

64
Q

Define Product

A

Enzyme + Substrate => Enzyme / Substrate complex => Enzyme + Product

65
Q

Define Active Site

A

part of an enzyme where substrates bind + undergo a chemical reaction

66
Q

Which one of the terms in question #37 is defined as an organic catalyst

A

Enzyme

67
Q

What are nucleotides

A

Building Blocks of DNA + RNA

68
Q

What “Building Blocks” are used to construct them

A

They are constructed of sugar + phosphate group + nitrogenous base (A, T, G, C and U in RNA only )

69
Q

What is meant by the term “complementary base pairing”

A

(Purines pair with pyramidines)

1 ring always pairs with 2 rings

70
Q

Which bases always pair in DNA

A

A-T

C-G

71
Q

How is the pairing different in RNA

A

A-U

C-G

72
Q

What high energy compound is referred to as the “Energy Currency” of the cell

A

ATP

73
Q

What are the functions of organic molecules in the body

A

structural support, repair, fuel, growth, secretions

74
Q

In what party of the cells does glycolysis take place

A

Cytoplasm

75
Q

What is the end product of Glycolysis

A

Pyruvic acid (pyruvate)

76
Q

What is the very first reaction in Kreb’s Cycle

A

Acetyl COA + oxaloacetic acid => citric acid

77
Q

What two Coenzymes are used as hydrogen carriers in Kreb’s Cycle

A

NAD, FAD

78
Q

What substances can be metabolized through Kreb’s Cycle

A

all carbohydrates, proteins + lipids

79
Q

What is the electron transport system (ETS) and what are the carrier proteins of the system called

A

Transfer of H+ ions across a membrane.

Cytochromes

80
Q

Where do both Kreb’s Cycle and the ETS occur in the cell

A

Mitochondria

81
Q

How many molecules of ATP result from glycolysis alone

A

Net 2

82
Q

How many total ATP can be produced from one molecule of glucose in the presence of oxygen

A

36

83
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic cellular respiration

A

Oxygen

84
Q

What is Chemiosmosis

A

Formation of ATP from H+ gradient set up on 2 sides of a membrane (Chemoiosomotic Phosphorylation)

85
Q

What is Gluconeogenesis

A

synthesis of glucose from non carbohydrate precursors

86
Q

What process can be used for Gluconeogenesis

A
  • Lactic Acid
  • Glycerol
  • Amino Acids
87
Q

What is the main storage form of carbohydrate in animals

In what organ(s) is it stored

A

Glycogen in liver + skeletal muscle

88
Q

Define Lipolysis

A

Lipid metabolism breaks lipids down to:

  • be converted to pyruvic acid
  • channeled directly to CAC
89
Q

Define Beta Oxidation

A

Breaks fatty acid molecules to 2 carbon fragments occurs in mitochondria

90
Q

Define Lipogenesis

A

Lipid synthesis

91
Q

Define Chylomicrons

A

Lipo protein particles that consist of triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins.
Transport dietary lipids from intestines to other location in the body

92
Q

Define High Density Lipoproteins (HDL)

A

30% of blood cholesterol “Good Chlosterol”

93
Q

Define Low Density Lipoproteins(LDL)

A

“Bad Cholesterol”

94
Q

Define Ketone Bodies

A

Break down of Acetyl COA during fat metabolism

95
Q 
Define Ketosis
 (Ketoacidosis)
A

out of control (abnormal) metabolism

96
Q

By which process listed in #55 are fats broken down?

A

Beta Oxidation

97
Q

Which process results from abnormal carbohydrate metabolism or increased fat metabolism?

A

Ketoacidosis

98
Q

Which lipoprotein is considered to be the “good” kind because it lowers the risk of heart attack?

A

HDL

99
Q

Define Transamination

A

a chemical reaction between two molecules that converts keto acid to amino acid

100
Q

Define Deamiation

A

removal of an amine group from a molecule (generates NH4+)

101
Q

Define Urea

A

the main waste product of protein metabolism H20 soluble compound excreted in urine

102
Q

Which of the above is the main waste product of protein metabolism

A

Urea

103
Q

What are essential amino acids and which amino acids are essential?

A

Essential for life/protein synthesis must be supplied by diet 8 nonsynthesized by body;
(glycine not essential)

104
Q

What tissues in the body are the most important to metabolism?

A

Liver, adipose, skeletal, neural, other peripheral tissues

105
Q

What are the five basic food groups and what shape is commonly used to represent them?

A

Grains, vegetables, meat + beans, fruits, milk pyramid

106
Q

What are minerals and what general functions do they serve in the body

A

Inorganic ions released through dissociation of electrolytes mainly cofactors for enzymes obtained though diet

107
Q

The Major Extracelular cation is ________ and the Major Untracellular cation is __________

A
  • sodium

- potassium

108
Q

List the four fat soluble vitamins and indicate one function for each.

A

A: Vision
E:
K:blood clotting
D: Bones

109
Q

Which one can be made in the skin following exposure to UV light?

A

Vitamin D

110
Q

Why is “overdosing” with fat soluble vitamins much more dangerous than with water soluble vitamins?

A

the body cannot excrete excess waste products, they can cause CNS, tissue + liver damage

111
Q

List the water soluble vitamins and indicate the significance of each.

A 
B1: Thiamine
B2: Riboflavin 
B5: Pantothenic Acid 
B6: Pyroxidine 
B9: Folate 
B12: Niacine, Biotin
112
Q

Which B vitamin is most closely associated with protein metabolism?

A

B6

113
Q

What is a calorie

A

energy required to raise 1g of water 1 deg C

114
Q

What is a Kilocalorie (C)

A

energy required to raise 1 Kg of water 1 deg C

115
Q

Carbohydrates and proteins provide ______ kilocalories per gram of food whereas fats provide ______.

A
  • 4

- 9 (fat)

116
Q

What is meant by the term basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

A

minimum resting energy expenditure

117
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

the ability of an organism to keep its body temp with in certain boundaries, even when surrounding temp is very different

118
Q

What four basic processes interact to accomplish thermoregulation?
Which is the most important?

A

Radiation (most important) conduction, convection, evaporation

119
Q

What two centers in the hypothalamus in the brain are “in charge” of thermoregulation?

A

Heat gain center, heat loss center pre-optic area of anterior hypothalamus

120
Q

What is brown fat and what is its significance?

A

Highly Vascualrized adipose tissue infants compensate for inability to shiver when cold

Anatamy and Physiology (10 decks)

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