Lecture: Renal Diseases Flashcards
Decomposition of immune complexes, formed in conjunction with group A streptococcus infection on the glomerular membranes
Acute Glomerulonephritis
Deposition of immune complexes from systemic immune disorders on the glomerular membrane
Rapidly-progressive Glomerulonephritis
Attachment of cytotoxic antibody formed during viral respiratory infections to glomerular and alveolar basement membranes
Goodpasture’s Syndrome
Anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic autoantibody binds to neutrophils in vascular walls producing damage to small vessels in the lungs and glomerulus
Wegener’s Granulomatosis
Occurs primarily in children following viral respiratory infections; a decrease in platelets disrupts vascular integrity
Henoch-Schoenlein purpura
Deposition of IgA on the glomerular membrane resulting from increased levels of serum IgA
IgA nephropathy (Berger’s disease)
Thickening of the glomerular membrane following IgG immune complex deposition associated with systemic disorders
Membranous glomerulonephritis
Cellular proliferation affects the capillary walls or the glomerular basement membranes, possibly immune-mediated
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
A marked decrease in renal function resulting from glomerular damage precipitated by other renal disorders
Chronic glomerulonephritis
Disruption of the electrical charges that produce the tightly-fitting podocyte barrier results in a massive loss of protein and lipids
Nephrotic syndrome
Disruption of podocytes occurs primarily in children following allergic reactions and immunizations
Minimal change diseases (Lipid nephrosis)
Disruption of podocytes in certain areas of glomeruli associated with heroin and analgesic abuse and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Focal-segmented glomerulosclerosis
This type of glomerulonephritis has the presence of RBC casts, granular casts and dysmorphic RBC
Acute glomerulonephritis
The anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody test is used on what glomerular disorder?
Goodpasture’s syndrome
The anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) is used on what glomerular disorder?
Wegener’s granulomatosis
Stool occult blood can be used to detect what glomerular disorder?
Henoch-Schoenlein purpura
Anti-nuclear antibody, hepatitis B surface antigen and FTA-ABS can be used to detect what glomerular disorder?
Membranous glomerulonephritis
FTA-ABS means?
Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody-Absorption Test
Chronic glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome can be detected by what tests?
Blood urea nitrogen
Serum Creatinine
Creatinine Clearance
Electrolytes
Glucosuria, cellular and granular casts, and waxy and broad casts are present in what glomerular disorder?
Chronic glomerulonephritis
Oval fat bodies, renal tubular cells, fat droplets and fatty and waxy casts are present in what glomerular disorder?
Nephrotic syndrome
Damage to the renal tubular cells is caused by ischemia or toxic agents
Acute tubular necrosis
Inherited in association with cystinosis and Hartnup disease or acquired through exposure to toxic agents
Fanconi’s syndrome
Ascending bacterial infection of the bladder (from the lower UTI)
Cystitis
Infection of the renal tubules and interstitial is related to interference of urine flow to the bladder, reflux of urine from the bladder and untreated cystitis (from the upper UTI)
Acute pyelonephritis
Recurrent infection of the renal tubules and interstitials is caused by structural abnormalities affecting the urine flow
Chronic pyelonephritis
Allergic inflammation of the renal interstitial in response to certain medications
Acute interstitial nephritis
Presence of RTE cells, RTE cells casts, hyaline/granular/waxy/broad casts are is indicative of what tubular disorder?
Acute tubular necrosis
The possibility of cystine crystals presence is found in urine specimen of patients with?
Fanconi’s syndrome
What disorder has these urinalysis result?
No WBC casts
Presence of bacteria
Mild proteinuria
Increased pH
Leukocyturia
Microscopic hematuria
Cystitis
What disorder has these urinalysis result?
Presence of WBC casts
Presence of bacteria and bacterial casts
Granular, waxy, broad casts
Hemtaturia
Proteinuria
Chronic pyelonephritis
What disorder has these urinalysis result?
Presence of WBC casts
No bacteria
Hematuria
Proteinuria
Acute interstitial nephritis
Serum and urine electrolytes and amino acid chromatography can be utilized for what tubular disorder?
Fanconi’s syndrome
Hemoglobin, hematocrit and cardiac enzymes can be utilized for what tubular disorder?
Acute tubular disorder
Exhibits a sudden loss of renal function and is frequently reversible
Acute renal failure
What cause of renal failure is described?
Decreased blood pressure/cardiac output
Hemorrhage
Burns
Surgery
Septicemia
Prerenal
What cause of renal failure is described?
Acute glomerulonephritis
Acute tubular necrosis
Acute pyelonephritis
Acute interstitial nephritis
Renal
What cause of renal failure is described?
Renal calculi
Tumors
Postrenal
Other term for renal calculi
Renal lithiasis
Type of renal stones common in Western industrialized countries
Upper renal stones
80% of renal stones or renal calculi consists of what?
Calcium oxalate (CaOx) or a mixture of oxalate and calcium phosphate
3-10% of renal stones or renal calculi consists of what?
Mixed calcium phosphate, magnesium ammonium phosphate, and uric acid
1-3% of renal stones or renal calculi consists of what?
Cystine stones
Urine with pH < 5.5 can be associated with what calculi formation?
Uric acid
Cystine
Xanthine calculi
Urine with pH 5 to 6 can be associated with what calculi formation?
Calcium oxalate
Apatite calculi
Urine with pH >7 can be associated with what calculi formation?
Magnesium ammonium phosphate
Calcium phosphate calculi
Which formation is produced by these causes?
Idiopathic hypercalciuria
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Bone disease
Excessive milk, alkali, Vit. D intake
Renal tubular acidosis
Sarcoidosis
Calcium Composition
Which formation is produced by these causes?
Oxaluria
Incomplete catabolism of carbohydrates
Isohydria at pH 5.5 to 6.0 Excessive glycogen breakdown
Calcium Oxalate
Which formation is produced by these causes?
Same conditions as for calcium oxalate
Alkaline infection (urea-splitting)
Persistently alkaline urine
Calcium Phosphate
Which formation is produced by these causes?
Alkaline infection with urea-splitting bacteria
Magnesium
Ammonium Phosphate Hexahydrate
Which formation is produced by these causes?
GOUT
Polycythemia
Leukemia
Lymphoma
Conditions associated with rapid protein catabolism
Uric Acid and Urate
Which formation is produced by these causes?
Transient acute phase of chronic renal diseases
Heavy metal nephrotoxicity Aminoaciduria
Renal tubular acidosis syndrome
Cystine
Which stone/s has these characteristics?
Yellow to brownish red and are moderately hard
Uric Acid and Urate Stones
Which stone/s has these characteristics?
Pale and friable
Calcium Oxalate Stones
Which stone/s has these characteristics?
Very hard, often of a dark color and typically have a rough surface
Phosphate Stones
Which stone/s has these characteristics?
Yellow-brown and feel somewhat greasy
Soapy texture
Cystine Stones
