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BIO 232 Anatomy OIT > Lecture Quiz 9 > Flashcards

Lecture Quiz 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

What color does blood have under what circumstances?

A

scarlet/bright red - oxygen rich

dark red - oxygen poor

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2
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.35-7.45
slightly alkaline
kidneys and lungs maintain

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3
Q

What is the temperature of blood?

A

38 degrees celsius

slightly higher than normal body temp

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4
Q

What is the average volume of blood in men and women?

A

men - 5-6 L

women - 4-5 L

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5
Q

What are the three functions of blood?

A

transport and distribution
regulation
protection

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6
Q

Describe how blood transports and distributes

A

oxygens from the lungs
nutrients from the digestive tract
metabolic wastes from cells to lungs, liver, and kidneys for elimination
hormones from endocrine glands to target organs

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7
Q

How does the liver excrete wastes?

A

converts hydrophilic substances into hydrophobic substances

excretes these molecules with bile

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8
Q

Describe how blood regulates the body

A

maintains appropriate body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat
uses buffer system to maintain normal pH in body tissues
regulates fluid volume in the circulatory system

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9
Q

Describe how blood protects the body?

A

prevents fluid/blood loss by activating plasma proteins and platelets and initiating clot formation when a vessel is broken
prevents infection by synthesizing and utilizing antibodies and activating complement proteins and WBCs to defend the body against foreign invaders - both intracellular and extracellular

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10
Q

What does bloody vaguely consist of?

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

plasma

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11
Q

What is a hematocrit?

A

the percentage of volume of RBCs in the total blood volume

~45% typically

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12
Q

What is plasma?

A

a fluid extracellular matrix that consists of water (91%), plasma proteins (7%), organic solutes (1%), and inorganic solutes (1%)

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13
Q

Describe plasma proteins

A

large molecules synthesized in the liver

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14
Q

What are plasma proteins responsible for?

A

too large to leak out of the vessels and are therefore responsible for osmotic pressure

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15
Q

What are the different types of plasma proteins?

A

albumin
clotting proteins
gamma globulins
alpha and beta globulins

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16
Q

What are the organic solutes found in plasma?

A

nutrients (glucose, amino acids, lipids)
waste products (urea, uric acid)
hormones

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17
Q

What inorganic solutes are found in plasma?

A 
mostly ions
chloride
sodium
potassium
calcium
iron
phosphate
bicarbonate
other minerals
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18
Q

What gasses are found in blood?

A

oxygen
carbon dioxide
nitrogen

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19
Q

How many of each type of blood cell are there?

A

RBC - 4-6 million/microliter, live 3-4 months
WBC - 5-10 thousand/microliter, live for years
thrombocytes - 150-400 thousand/microliter 7-10 days

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20
Q

Describe hematopoiesis

A

the formation of blood cells

occurs in the red bone marrox of the axial skeleton and girdles, and the epiphyses of the humerus and femur

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21
Q

Describe hemocytoblasts

A

give rise to all formed elements in blood
may remain uncommitted, pluripotential stem cells and continue to proliferate, or differentiate into precursors for WBC, RBC, or platelets

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22
Q

What is a complete blood count?

A

quick and easy test that includes hematocrit, hemoglobin, and formed element count

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23
Q

What is a chemistry profile?

A

may be subdivided into a few tests

measures electrolytes, glucose, lipids, heart and liver enzymes, creatinine, bilirubin, urea, etc

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24
Q

What does prothrombin time evaluate?

A

hemostasis
platelet count
pt’s blood clotting properties are examined
if PT is too fast, anti coagulant may be prescribed

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25
Q

Describe leukocytes (WBCs)

A

the only blood components that are complete cells
make up on 1% total blood volume
normal count is 5000-10000/mm^3

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26
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

an increase of a WBC count over 11000/mm^3
this is a normal response to inflammation
all cells are mature

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27
Q

What is leukemia?

A

also an increase of WBC in the blood stream
blasts appear in the peripheral blood
all immature cells that are incapable of normal function

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28
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

WBCs leave capillaries and move through interstitial spaces?

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29
Q

What are the two divisions of WBCs?

A

agranulocytes

granulocytes, which contain granules in cytoplasm and their nucleus is usually segmented into loves

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30
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

granulocytes with both pink and purple granules
highly lobulated nucleus - polymorphonuclear leukocytes
compose 50-70% WBC count

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31
Q

What is the major function of neutrophils?

A

phagocytosis

especially in response to bacterial infections

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32
Q

What are eosinophils?

A

granulocytes with pink acidophilic granules and lobulated nucleus
compose 1-4% of WBC count

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33
Q

What is the major function of eosinophils?

A

secretion of toxic materials to kill parasites

phagocytosis of parasites, which can be unicellular or multicellular

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34
Q

What are basophils?

A

granulocytes with purple granules and a lobulated nucleus

0.5-1% WBC count

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35
Q

What is the major function of basophils? Provide examples

A

secretion of chemicals that promote inflammation
ex: histamine causes vasodilation and attracts WBCS
heparin slows clotting

36
Q

What are monocytes?

A

agranulocytes with horseshoe-shaped nucleus
nucleus may contain bubbles
2-8% WBC count

37
Q

What is the major function of monocytes?

A

phagocytosis

migrate into tissue (diapedesis) and become macrophages

38
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

agranulocytes with a large round nucleus

20-40% WBC count

39
Q

What is the major function of lymphocytes?

A

immune response

some secrete toxic chemicals, others are more directly involved in an immune response

40
Q

What is leukopoiesis?

A

formation of leukocytes

all leukocytes originate from hemocytoblasts

41
Q

What is the route of hemocytoblast development into WBCs?

A

hemocytoblast -> myeloid stem cells or lymphoid stem cell
Myeloid cell -> myeloblasts or monoblasts
lymphoid stem cell -> lymphoblast
Myeloblast -> eosinophil, neutrophil, basophil
lymphoblast -> lymphocyte

42
Q

Describe erythrocytes

A

biconcave discs
no nucleus
essentially without organelles
filled with hemoglobin, which is a protein dedicated to respiratory gas transport

43
Q

What does sickle cell anemia cause?

A

sickle shaped RBCs
inefficient O2 transport
sickle shape plugs capillaries

44
Q

Describe what hemoglobin does

A

binds reversible with O2

can transport 4 O2 at a time

45
Q

Describe the anatomy of hemoglobin

A

composed of the protein globin, which is comprise of two alpha and two beta chains
each chain binds to a heme group
each heme group bears an atom of iron, which can bind to one oxygen

46
Q

What are the three states hemoglobin can be found in?

A

deoxyhemoglobin (reduced Hb)
oxyhemoglobin (bound to O2)
carbaminohemoglobin (bound to CO2)

47
Q

What binds to hemoglobin irreversibly?

A

carbon monoxide

48
Q

What are normal concentrations of RBCs in men? women?

A

Men - 13-18 g/dL

female - 12-16 g/dL

49
Q

Describe what happens to oxygen in the lungs

A

greater pressure of oxygen gas from the air forces oxygen into the blood
O2 binds to reduced hemoglobin and forms oxyhemoglobin
Hb +4O2 -> Hb-O2

50
Q

What happens to carbon dioxide in the lungs?

A

carbon dioxide pressure in the air is less than in the blood
carbon dioxide breaks off from carbaminohemoglobin and diffuses into the air in the lungs
Hb-CO2 -> Hb + 2CO2

51
Q

What happens to oxygen in the tissues?

A

oxygen pressure is less than in the blood
oxygen
oxygen breaks off from oxyhemoglobin and diffuses into the tissues
Hb-O2 -? Hb + 4O2

52
Q

What happens to carbon dioxide in the tissues?

A

it is released into the blood and partially binds to a reduced hemoglobin
Hb + 2CO2 -> Hb-CO2

53
Q

Where else can carbon dioxide travel in the body and what does this cause?

A

can form bicarbonate ions in plasma
CO2 + H2O -> H2CO -> H+ + CO3-
makes blood more acidic

54
Q

What is the hierarchy of erythropoiesis?

A

hemocytoblast -> myeloid stem cell
myeloid stem cell -> proerythroblast (committed at this point)
proerythroblasts -> early erythroblasts
synthesize a lot of Hb, become normoblast
normoblast loses nucleus -> reticulocyte
reticulocyte -> erythrocyte

55
Q

How is erythropoiesis regulated?

A

the hormone erythropoietin

stimulates RBC production

56
Q

What produces erythropoietin and what conditions cause stimulation of its production?

A

produced by the kidneys

triggered by hypoxia due to decreased RBCs, decreased O2 availability, or increased tissue demand for O2

57
Q

What is a typical life span of an erythrocyte?

A

100-120 days

58
Q

What happens to dying erythrocytes?

A

engulfed by macrophages

Hb is destroyed and dissasembled into heme and globin

59
Q

What happens to the heme of a destroyed RBC

A

stripped of its iron
degraded into a yellow pigment called bilirubin
conjugated and excreted by the liver
iron is stored and reused in synthesis of new Hb

60
Q

What happens to the iron of degraded RBCs?

A

stored in the liver and spleen
transported in blood by transferrin
*read this in the book

61
Q

What happens to the globin of broken down RBCs?

A

metabolized into amino acids
released into the circulation
recycled in synthesis of protein

62
Q

What happens to bilirubin in the liver?

A

it is bound with glocuronic acid formin conjugated (direct) bilirubin
excreted with bile into the GI tract
metabolized into urobilinogen (excreted with urine) and sterocobilin (excreted with feces)

63
Q

What causes jaundice?

A

results when bilirubin is not removed from the blood

64
Q

What occurs during pre hepatic jaundic?

A 
too much RBC destruction
genetic disorder (i think? notes unclear pls google)
65
Q

What occurs during hepatocellular jaundice?

A

liver fails to perform its function

66
Q

What happens during sub hepatic jaundice?

A

bilirubin is not being secreted well

67
Q

Describe platelets/thrombocytes

A

formed in the bone marrow from cells called megakaryocytes
remain functional for about 7-10 days
no nucleus
can secrete variety of substances and can contract

68
Q

What is the normal concentration of thrombocytes?

A

150-400 thousand/mm^3

69
Q

What is the hierarchy of the formation of platelets?

A

hemocytoblasts -> megakaryoblasts

  • > promegakaryocytes
  • > megakaryocytea
  • > thrombocytes
70
Q

What is hemostasis ultimately for?

A

to stop bleeding

71
Q

What are the four stages of hemostasis?

A

vascular spasm
platelet plug formation
coagulation
clot retraction

72
Q

What happens during vascular spasm?

A

immediate vasoconstriction in response to injury

smooth muscle in the wall of the vessel contracts

73
Q

What does a vascular spasm accomplish?

A

may reduce blood flow and blood loss

will not stop blood loss

74
Q

What happens during platelet plug formation?

A

platelets stick to exposed collagen fibers and form a platelet plug
release serotonin and ADP, which attracts more platelets

75
Q

What happens during coagulation (vague)?

A

a set of reactions in which blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel

76
Q

What happens during the final three steps of coagulation?

A

formation of prothrombin activator, which converts prothrombin to thrombin
thrombin catalyzes fibrinogen to form a fibrin mesh

77
Q

What initiates the final three steps in coagulation?

A

a cascade of reactions
either intrinsic or extrinsic
generally both mechanisms work simultaneously

78
Q

What is significant about fibrin?

A

all proteins are dissolvable in plasma except fibrin

79
Q

Which route is faster - extrinsic or intrinsic?

A

extrinsic

fewer steps

80
Q

What happens during clot retraction?

A

tightening of the clot
platelets trapped within the clot contract
fibrin mesh shrinks
damaged vessel edges are pulled closer

81
Q

What is fibrinolysis?

A

dissolution of a clot

82
Q

How is fibrinolysis achieved?

A

plasminogen is activated by many factors
becomes plasmin
plasmin breaks down fibrin mesh
phagocytic WBCs remove the products

83
Q

What does platelet derived growth factor do?

A

stimulates smooth muscles and fibroblasts to repair damage

84
Q

How is clotting limited?

A

swift removal of clotting factors by rapid blood flow

inhibition of clotting factors by antithrombin III

85
Q

What is antithrombin III?

A

deactivated thrombin that is not attached to fibrin

BIO 232 Anatomy OIT (10 decks)

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