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BIO 232 Anatomy OIT > Lecture Quiz 6 > Flashcards

Lecture Quiz 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where is the heart located?

A 
in the mediastinum
superior to the diaphragm
anterior to the vertebral column
posterior to the sternum
left to the midline
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2
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

a double walled sac around the heart

composed of a superficial fibrous pericardium and deep two-layer serous pericardium

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3
Q

What is the parietal layer?

A

pericardium

lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium

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4
Q

What is the visceral layer of the pericardium?

A

epicardium

lines the surface of the heart

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5
Q

How are the layers of the pericardium separated?

A

a fluid-filled pericardial cavity

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6
Q

What does the pericardium do?

A

protects and anchors the heart
prevents overfilling of the heart with blood
allows the heart to work in a friction-free environment

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7
Q

What are the layers of the heart wall?

A

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

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8
Q

What is the epicardium?

A

visceral layer of the serous pericardium

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9
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

cardiac muscle layer forming the bulk of the heart

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10
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

endothelial layer of the inner myocardial surface

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11
Q

What are the atria?

A

the receiving chambers of the heart

each atrium has a protruding auricle

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12
Q

What are the pectinate muscles?

A

mark atrial walls

help atria contract more efficiently

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13
Q

What are the ventricles?

A

the discharging chambers of the heart

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14
Q

What are the papillary muscles?

A

line ventricular walls

prevent blood flowing back into atria

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15
Q

What are the trabeculae carnae muscles?

A

mark ventricular walls

make contraction more efficient

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16
Q

What difference do you find between the right and left ventricle?

A

both hold the same volume of blood, but the left ventricular wall is thicker

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17
Q

Of the four chambers, how do they relate in chamber size?

A

atria are smaller than the ventricles

right side = left side

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18
Q

Of the four chambers, how do they differ in wall thickness?

A

atria < ventricles

right ventricle < left ventricle

19
Q

What percentage do the atria account for blood pumped?

A

at rest, 5%

exercise, 40%

20
Q

What are the atrioventricular valves of the heart (general)?

A

valves between the atria and ventricles

prevent backflow into the atria when the ventricles contract

21
Q

What are the chordae tendineae?

A

anchor atriventricular valves to papillary muscles

22
Q

What is the mitral (bicuspid) valve?

A

AV valve between left atrium and left ventricle

23
Q

What is the tricuspid valve?

A

AV valve found between the right atrium and right ventricle

24
Q

What are the semilunar valves?

A

lie between the ventricle and the aorta

prevent the backflow of blood into the ventricles

25
Q

What is the aortic valve?

A

semilunar valve leading from the left ventricle into the aorta

26
Q

What is the pulmonary valve?

A

lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk

27
Q

What are arteries?

A

vessels that take blood away from the heart

28
Q

What are veins?

A

vessels that return vlood to the heart

29
Q

Where does oxygenation of blood occur?

A

varies in arteries and veins

30
Q

What does pulmonary circulation do?

A

enriches the blood with oxygen and removes excessive carbon dioxide

31
Q

Describe the pathway of the pulmonary circulation

A

blood enters right ventricle through tricuspid valve
passes through pulmonary valve to pulmonary trunk
splits into left and right pulmonary arteries
travels through capillaries of the lungs for gas exchange
right and left pulmonary veins return blood to left atrium

32
Q

What does systemic circulation do?

A

carries oxygenated blood to the entire body

33
Q

Describe the pathway of systemic circulation

A

blood passes through mitral valve into left ventricle
travels through aortic valve into aorta and its branches
capillaries in peripheral tissues allow gas exchange
blood is returned to the right atrium through the superior and inferior venae cavae and the coronary sinus

34
Q

What are cardiomyocytes?

A

large, branched cells
single central nucleus
striated
heavily vascularized

35
Q

What do intercalated discs of cardiac cells do?

A

connect cardiomyocytes
allow free passage of ions between the cells
allows heart muscle to contract simultaneously as a functional system

36
Q

How is the heart stimulated and what is that known as?

A

by nerves
also self-excitable
this is known as automaticity

37
Q

What are the two types of cardiomyocytes?

A

contractile cells

pacemaker cells

38
Q

What happens during phase 0 of action potential in contractile cardiomyocytes?

A

slow sodium channels leak until the muscle reaches the threshold of the fast sodium channels
sodium ions rush in until the membrane polarity is reversed

39
Q

What happens during phase 1 of action potential in contractile cardiomyocytes?

A

polarity reversal causes the fast sodium channels to snap shut and the potassium channels to open
this causes the membrane potential to start to become more negative

40
Q

What happens during phase 2 of action potential in contractile cardiomyocytes?

A

plateau
potassium ions continue leaking out
calcium channels open and positively charged calcium ions leak in, cancelling the effect of potassium ions leaking out
no net change for 100 milliseconds
calcium ions are used to form cross bridges
excitation-contraction coupling: calcium ions cause the plateau phase and bind to troponin and initiate cross bridge formation

41
Q

What happens during phase 3 of action potential in contractile cardiomyocytes?

A

repolarization
calcium ions quit leaking in
passage of potassium ions out of the cell causes a return to the resting membrane potential

42
Q

What happens during phase 4 of action potential in contractile cardiomyocytes?

A

resting potential

the only activity during this phase is the constant leakage of the slow sodium channels

43
Q

What is unique about the refractory period in cardiomyocytes?

A

it is very long ~250 msec

premature stimulation does not cause tetanus for this reason

BIO 232 Anatomy OIT (10 decks)

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