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BIO 232 Anatomy OIT > Lecture Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Lecture Quiz 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

How is the brain protected in general?

A

bone, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid

harmful substances are shielded from the brain by the blood-brain barrier

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2
Q

What are the meninges?

A

three connective tissue membranes that lie external to the CNS
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

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3
Q

What are the functions of the meninges?

A

cover and protect the CNS
protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses
contain CSF
form partitions within the skull

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4
Q

Describe the dura mater

A

leathery, strong meninx composed of two fibrous connective tissue layers (periosteal and meningeal layers)
the two layers separate in certain areas and form dural sinuses

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5
Q

Describe the three dural septa of the dura mater

A

falx cerebri - fold that dips into longitudinal fissure
falx cerebelli - runs along the vermis of the cerebellum
tentorium cereblli - horizontal dural fol that extends into transverse fissure

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6
Q

Describe the arachnoid mater

A

Middle meninx which forms a loose brain covering

it is separated from the dura mater by the subdural space

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7
Q

Describe the subarachnoid space

A

beneath arachnoid layer
filled with CSF and\\large blood vessels
arachnoid villi protrude superiorly and permit CSF to be absorbed into venous blood

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8
Q

Describe the pia mater

A

deep meninx composed of delicate vascularized connective tissue that clings tightly to the brain

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9
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid?

A

watery solution similar in composition to blood plasma

contains less protein and different ion concentrations than plasma

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10
Q

What does CSF do?

A

forms a liquid cushion that gives buoyancy to the CNS organs
prevents the brain from crushing under its own weight
protects the CNS from blows and other trauma
nourishes the brain and carries chemical signals throughout it

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11
Q

What are choroid plexuses?

A

hang from the roof of each ventricle

cluster of capillaries that form tissue fluid filters

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12
Q

What do choroid plexuses do?

A

have ion pumps that allow them to alter ion concentration in the CSF
help cleanse CSF by removing wastes

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13
Q

Describe CSF circulation

A

choroid plexus produce CSF
CSF flows through the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space via median and lateral apertures
CSF flows through the subarachnoid space
CSF is absorbed into the dural venous sinuses via the arachnoid villi

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14
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier?

A

protective mechanism that helps maintain a stable environment for the brain

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15
Q

What helps the blood brain barrier separated substances from neurons by?

A

continuous endothelium of capillary walls
relatively thick basal lamina
bulbous feet of astrocytes

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16
Q

What are the functions of the blood-brain barrier?

A

selective barrier that allows nutrients to pass freely

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17
Q

What is the BBB ineffective against?

A

substances that can diffuse through plasma membranes

explains how alcohol and drugs affect brain

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18
Q

Where is BBB absent from and why?

A

vomiting center and the hypothalamus

this allows these areas to monitor the chemical composition of the blood

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19
Q

What weakens the BBB?

A

stress increases the ability of chemicals to pass through the BBB

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20
Q

What is a concussion?

A

traumatic brain injury

temporary alteration in function

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21
Q

What is a contusion?

A

traumatic brain injury

permanent damage

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22
Q

What does a subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhage result in?

A

may force brain stem through foramen magnum, resulting in death

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23
Q

What is cerebral edema?

A

swelling of the brain associated with traumatic head injury

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24
Q

What is ischemia?

A

cerebrovascular accident aka stroke
tissue deprived of blood supply
brain tissue dies
ex: blockage of cerebral artery by blood clot

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25
Q

What is hemiplegia?

A

cerebrovascular accident aka stroke
paralysis on one side
sensory or speech deficits

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26
Q

What is a transient ischemic attack?

A

cerebrovascular accident aka stroke

temporary episode of reversible cerebral ischemia

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27
Q

What is tissue plasminogen activator?

A

the only approved treatment for stroke

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28
Q

What is Alzheimer’s?

A

a progressive, degenerative disease of the brain that results in dementia
causes memory loss, short attention span, disorientation, eventual language loss, irritable, moody, confused, hallucinations
plaques of beta-amyloid peptide form in brain
toxic effects may involve prior proteins
neurofibrillary tangles inside neurons and kill them
brain shrinks

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29
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease?

A

degeneration of dopamine releasing neurons of substantia nigra
basal nuclei deprives of dopamine become overactive resulting in tremors
cause unknown
treatment with L-dopa, deep brain stimulation, gene therapy, stem cells seem promising

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30
Q

What is Huntington’s disease?

A

fatal hereditary disorder
caused by accumulation of protein huntington
leads to degeneration of basal nuclei and cerebral cortex
initial sx wild, jerky “flapping” movements
later marked mental deterioration
treated with drugs that block dopamine effects
stem cell research promising

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31
Q

Describe embryonic development of the spinal cord

A

develops from caudal portion of neural tube

by week 6 there are two clusters of neuroblasts

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32
Q

What are the three things that form from the clusters of neuroblasts in embryonic spinal cord development?

A

alar plate - will become interneurons
basal plate - will become motor neurons
neural crest cells form the dorsal root ganglia

33
Q

Where is CNS tissue found?

A

within the vertebral column from the foramen magnum to L1 or L2

34
Q

What is the overall purpose of the spinal cord?

A

provides two-way communication to and from the brain

35
Q

What is the spinal cord protected by?

A

bone, meninges, and CSF

36
Q

What is the epidural space?

A

space between the vertebrae and the dural sheath (dura mater) filled with fat and a network of veins
this is not found in the brain

37
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A

terminal portion of the spinal cord

38
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

fibrous extension of the pia mater

anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx

39
Q

What are denticulate ligaments?

A

delicate shelves of pia mater

attach the spinal cord to the vertebrae

40
Q

How many spinal nerves are found from each part of the spine?

A 
31 total
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
41
Q

What are the cervical and lumbar enlargements?

A

sites where nerves serving the upper and lower limbs emerge

42
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal

43
Q

What does the anterior median fissure do in the spinal cord?

A

separates anterior funiculi

44
Q

What does the posterior median sulcus do?

A

divides posterior funiculi

45
Q

What does gray matter consist of in the spinal cord?

A

soma
unmyelinated processes
neuroglia

46
Q

What is the gray commissure?

A

connects masses of gray matter

encloses central canal

47
Q

what are the posterior horns of the spinal cord?

A

interneurons

48
Q

what are the anterior horns of the spinal cord?

A

interneurons and somatic motor neurons

49
Q

What are the lateral horns of the spinal cord?

A

contain sympathetic neurons

50
Q

What is the dorsal half of the gray matter responsible for in the spinal cord?

A

sensory roots and ganglia

sensory afferent

51
Q

What is the ventral half of the gray matter responsible for in the spinal cord?

A

motor roots

motor efferent

52
Q

What do the dorsal and ventral roots do outside CNS?

A

fuse together laterally to form spinal nerves

53
Q

What are the four zones that are evident in the gray matter?

A 
somatic sensory (SS)
visceral sensory (VS)
Visceral motor (VM)
somatic motor (SM)
54
Q

Describe white matter in the spinal cord

A

fibers run in three directions - ascending, descending, and transverse
divided into three funiculi - posterior, lateral, and anterior

55
Q

Describe the funiculi in white matter in the spinal cord

A

contain several fiber tracts
fiber tract names reveal their origin and destination
fiber tracts are composed of axons with similar functions

56
Q

What are the four generalizations we can make about pathways of the spinal cord?

A

pathways decussate - cross from one side of the CNS to another
most consist of two or three neurons
most exhibit somatotoopy - precise spatial relationships
pathways are paired - one on each side of the spinal cord or brain

57
Q

What are dermatomes?

A

areas on the skin innervated by the cutaneous branches of a single spinal nerve
all spinal nerves except C1 participate in dermatomes

58
Q

What are first-order neurons?

A

cell bodies reside in a ganglion synapse with second order neurons in the spinal cord or brain stem

59
Q

What are second-order neurons?

A

cell bodies reside in the spinal dorsal horn or in medullary nuclei
synapse with third-order neurons in the thalamus or cerebellum

60
Q

What are third-order neurons?

A

cell bodies reside in the thalamus

conduct impulses to the somatosensory cortex of the cerebrum

61
Q

How do neurons branch as they enter the spinal cord?

A

central processes of first-order neurons branch diffusely as they enter the spinal cord and medulla

62
Q

Where are nonspecific ascending pathways found?

A

within the lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts

63
Q

Where do the fibers cross in nonspecific pathways?

A

in the spinal cord

64
Q

What do nonspecific ascending pathways do?

A

convey information about pain, temperature, and crude touch to the sensory cortex

65
Q

Where are specific ascending pathways found?

A

within the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus tracts, and their continuation in the medial lemniscal tracts

66
Q

Where do the fibers cross in specific ascending pathways?

A

in the medulla

67
Q

What do specific ascending pathways do?

A

convey information about precise localizations of discriminative touch and vibrations to the sensory cortex

68
Q

Where are the spinocerebellar tracts found?

A

within the lateral and anterior spino thalamic tracts

69
Q

Where do spinocerebellar fibers cross?

A

do not cross or cross twice

70
Q

What do spinocerebellar tracts do?

A

convey proprioceptive information about muscle or tendon stretch to the cerebellum to coordinate muscle activity

71
Q

Where are the second-order neurons found in nonspecific ascending pathways?

A

interneuron of dorsal horn

72
Q

Where are the second-order neurons found in specific ascending pathways?

A

medulla - nucleus gracilis and nucleus cureatus

73
Q

Where are first-order neurons found in all ascending pathways?

A

dorsal root ganglion

74
Q

What do the descending pathways do?

A

deliver efferent impulses from the brain to the spinal cord
divided into two groups - direct and indirect pathways
involve two neurons - upper and lower

75
Q

What are the three steps of the direct system?

A

originate with the pyramidal neurons in the central gyri
impulses are sent through the corticospinal tractts and synapse in the anterior horn
stimulation of anterior horn neurons activates skeletal muscles

76
Q

What are corticobulbar tracts?

A

parts of the direct pathway

innervate cranial nerve nuclei

77
Q

What does the direct system regulate?

A

fast and fine movements

78
Q

What is included in the indirect system?

A

brain stem, motor nuclei, and all motor pathways not part of the pyramidal system
rubrospinal, vestibulospinal, reticulospinal, and tectospinal (name = origin + termination site)

79
Q

What do indirect systems do?

A

regulate axial muscles that maintain balance and postur
regulates muscles controlling coarse movements of the proximal portions of limbs
heck, neck, and eye movement

BIO 232 Anatomy OIT (10 decks)

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