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BIO 232 Anatomy OIT > Lecture Quiz 10 > Flashcards

Lecture Quiz 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three lines of defense in immunity?

A

surface barriers - nonspecific
inflammation response - nonspecific
specific immune response - specific obv lol

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2
Q

How are skin and mucosae surface barriers?

A

they are impervious to pathogenic agents

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3
Q

How is keratin a surface barrier?

A

resistant to weak acids and bases, bacterial enzymes, and toxins

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4
Q

How are epithelial membranes a surface barrier?

A 
produce protective chemicals that destroy microorganimas
skin acidity (pH 3-5) inhibits bacterial growth
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5
Q

How is sebum a surface barrier?

A

contains chemicals toxic to bacteria

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6
Q

How is stomach mucosae a surface barrier?

A

secrete concentrated HCl and protein-digesting enzymes

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7
Q

How are saliva and lacrimal a surface barrier?

A

contain lysozye

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8
Q

How is mucus a surface barrier?

A

traps microorganisms that enter the digestve and respiratory systems

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9
Q

How is the ciliated respiratory tract a surface barrier?

A

sweep dust and bacteria-laden mucus away from lower respiratory passages

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10
Q

What happens during inflammatory response (vague)?

A

pathogen is recognized by phagocytes and natural killers

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11
Q

How do natural killers act on pathogens?

A

the recognize the lack of self-antigen (MHC type I)

react nonspecifically by releasing cytolytic chemicals (perforins)

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12
Q

What do perforins do and what did they develop from?

A

lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected cells

develop from lymphocytes

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13
Q

How are phagocytes involved in the inflammatory response?

A

They initiate the inflammatory response
macrophages are the chief phagocyte
include variety of cells
most cells bind and ingest a wide range of bacteria

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14
Q

Where are macrophages found?

A

interstitial spaces of most tissues

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15
Q

What happens to neutrophils when they encounter a bacteria?

A

become phagocytic cell

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16
Q

What are two examples of fixed macrophages?

A

kupffer cells - liver

microglia - brain

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17
Q

What is interferon?

A

produced by virus-infected cells and works to alert healthy cells of possible infection
activate macrophages and lymphocytes

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18
Q

How does interferon act on cells?

A

when a host cell invades, IFN is synthesized
interferon leaves infected cells and goes to neighboring cells
stimulates neighboring cells to produce PKR - antiviral protein
PKR nonspecifically blocks viral reproduction

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19
Q

What is complement?

A

a group of ~20 proteins that enhance inflammation and phagocytosis
able to create permanent hole on the cellular membrane resulting in its lysis
enhance effectiveness of other defenses

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20
Q

What type of cells do complement proteins act upon?

A

bacteria and certain other cell types

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21
Q

What is inflammation?

A

a normal tissue response to injury

triggered whenever the tissues are injured

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22
Q

What is the purpose of inflammation?

A

prevent the spread of damging agents to nearby tissues
dispose of cell debris and pathogens
set the stage for the repair process

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23
Q

What are the five cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

A 
redness
heat
swelling
pain
loss of function
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24
Q

What is inflammatory response initiated?

A

when tissue macrophages encounter foreign antigens and release chemical mediators of inflammation

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25
Q

What are some examples of chemical mediators of inflammation

A

histamine
cytokine
bradykinin
prostaglandins

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26
Q

What does histamine do?

A

causes arteriolar dilation and increased permeability of capillaries to plasma proteins
primary mediator of inflammatory response

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27
Q

What does bradykinin

A

causes arteriolar changes
plays an important role in chemotaxis
sensitizes pain receptors

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28
Q

What do prostaglandins do?

A

lipids
potentiate the effects of histamine and bradykinin
sensitize painr eceptors
apirin inhibits these

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29
Q

What do mediators of inflammation do?

A

cause small local blood vessels to dilate

results in hyperemia (redness)

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30
Q

What does the permeability of the capillaries do?

A

increases fluid which contains
proteins
clotting factors
antibodies (exudate)

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31
Q

What does exudate do?

A

helps dilute harmful substances
brings in large quantities of oxygen and nutrients
clotting proteins prevent spread of bacteria

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32
Q

How is fever initiated in inflammation response?

A

macrophages release pyrogens, which activate the hypothalamus
this resets the body’s thermostat

33
Q

What is the purpose of fever?

A

inhibits reproduction of viruses and bacteria
increase interferon activity
increase metabolic rates, which induce healing

34
Q

What happens are the stages of neutrophils reacting during inflammatory response?

A

leukocytosis - increased number released from bone marrow
margination - neutrophils cling to vessel walls
diapedesis - they squeeze through the capillary walls
chemotaxis - mediators chemically attract the neutrophils

35
Q

Give a vague timeline of the life of neutrophils

A

They are the first cells to migrate to site of infection
engulf pathogens
they do not survive phagocytosis
die

36
Q

What is pus?

A

dead neutrophils

37
Q

What happens to monocytes during inflammation?

A

they follow the neutrophils
enter tissues
become macrophages
remove cellular debris

38
Q

What is the adaptive immune system?

A

a functional defense system that is specific to the pathogen
acts systematically
can develop “memory” to quickly recognize pathogens previously encountered

39
Q

What are the three steps in the adaptive immune system?

A

recognition of foreign antigens by specific immune cells
activation of immune cells
targeted response through two separate but overlapping arms:
humoral - antibody mediated
cellular - cell-mediated

40
Q

What are antigens?

A

substances that can mobilize the immune system and provoke an immune response

41
Q

What are some examples of the complete antigens?

A

non-self proteins
nucleic acid
some lipids
large polysaccharides

42
Q

What is the active center on an antigen?

A

epitope

antigenic determinant

43
Q

What are the three properties of antigens?

A

immunogenicity - ability to elicit an immune response
reactivity - ability to react with antibodies
specificity - only react with a specific kind of antibody

44
Q

What are haptens?

A

incomplete antigens
small molecules, such as peptides, nucleotides, and many hormones
not immunogenic

45
Q

What happens when haptens bind to self-proteins?

A

may be recognized as foreign, causing allergic reaction

46
Q

Where are haptens found?

A

poison ivy
dander
some detergents
cosmetics

47
Q

What do major histocompatibility complex (MHC) glycoproteins do?

A

hold antigens of the surface of cells so lymphocytes can find them

48
Q

What are MHC class I molecules?

A 
found on all cells
show endogenous (self) antigens
interact with CD8 proteins on T-cells
49
Q

What are MHC class II molecules?

A

found only on antigen presenting cells
show exogenous antigens (collected from other organism)
interact with CD4 proteins on T-cells

50
Q

What are antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?

A

dendritic cells
macrophages
activated B cells

51
Q

What do APCs do?

A 
do not respond to specific antigens
engulf foreign particles and present fragments of antigens on their own surfaces (MHC class II) to be recognized by T and B cells
52
Q

What do B-lymphocytes do?

A

produce antibodies and oversee humoral immunity

53
Q

What do T-lymphocytes do?

A

non-antibody-producing cells

constitute the cell-mediated arm of immunity

54
Q

Give an overview of lymphocyte production

A

produced in red bone marrow from hemocytoblasts into lymphoblast
then mature in primary lymphoid organs
B-lymphocytes mature in bone marrow
T-lymphocytes mature in the thymus

55
Q

What do lymphocytes gain during maturation?

A

self-tolerance - ability to recognize and not react to self-antigens
immunocompetence - ability to recognize one type of foreign antigen
seeded in secondary organs - lymph nodes and spleen

56
Q

What happens during antigen presentation?

A

APCs first encounter the foreign organ and phagocytize it
bacterium is broken down within the phagosome
fragments are presented on the surface of the macrophage in association with its MHC II receptors

57
Q

What happens during antigen challenge?

A

antigen-presenting cells migrate to lymph nodes or spleen
are then recognized by T- or B- lymphocytes
this is the first encounter between an antigen and naive lymphocytes

58
Q

What happens during clonal selection?

A

B cells that recognize antigen are activated, grow, and rapidly multiply

59
Q

What do immune cells proliferate and differentiate into?

A

plasma cells or memory cells

60
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

produce antibodies, which are an immunoglobulin

61
Q

What do antibodies consist of?

A

two heavy and two light peptide chains that forms antigen-binding sites and a site recognized by cells of innate response

62
Q

What are IgM antibodies?

A

pentamers
secreted in early primary response
activate complement

63
Q

What are IgG antibodies?

A

monomers
most common type secreted in late primary response and secondary response
active complement

64
Q

What are IgE antibodies?

A

monomers
activate mast cells or basophils
induce inflammation or allergic reaction

65
Q

What are IgA antibodies?

A

dimers
secretory antibodies
found in saliva, mucus, sweal, milk
prevent invasion of epithelia

66
Q

What are IgD antibodies?

A

monomers

assist B-cells

67
Q

How do antibodies act on the antigen?

A

do not destroy them
bind to specific antigens in lock-and-key fashion
form antigen-antibody complex

68
Q

How is the antigen-antibody complex formed?

A

precipitation - make soluble molecules insoluble
agglutination - sticking several cells in a clump
neutralization - block the binding sites on bacteria and viruses so they cannot invade host cells
lysis of the pathogen

69
Q

How does lysis occur during antibody mediation?

A

other site on antibodies is recognized and activated compliment or NK and T-cytotoxic cells that lyse the pathogen
phagocytic cells activated
pathogens swallowed

70
Q

What are memory cells?

A

some B-cells turn into memory cells

these circulate the bloodstream ready to proliferate if they encounter the same pathogen later in life

71
Q

What is the primary immune response?

A

first encounter with antigen
antigen presentation, challenge, B-cell cloning takes place before antibodies can be made
peak level of plasma antibodies achieved at day 10

72
Q

What is the secondary immune response?

A

re-exposure to same pathogen
memory cells proliferate into plasma cells capable of antibody production
antibody levels peak in 2-3 days at much higher levels than primary response

73
Q

What is active humoral immunity?

A

naturally acquired in response to bacterial or viral infection
artificially acquired through vaccines
longer lasting

74
Q

What is passive humoral immunity?

A

naturally acquired from mother to fetus
artificially acquired from injection of serum containing gamma globulins against the antigen
B cells are not challenged
protection ends when antigens naturally degrade

75
Q

What happens during clonal selection of cell-mediated immunity?

A

T lymphocytes

requires recognition of antigen on MHC II and CD4 or CD8 binding site

76
Q

What role do helper T cells have in proliferation and differentiation?

A

release cytokines, like interleukin 2, that activate T-cells, B-lymphocytes, and amplify innate defenses

77
Q

What do activated cytotoxic T cells do during proliferation and differentiation?

A 
recognize foreign antigen on MHC class I on infected, cancer, or transplanted cells
produce perforins and granulozymes which induces apoptosis
78
Q

What do memory T- cells do?

A

helper T-cells and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes may develop into memory cells for the next antigen encounter

BIO 232 Anatomy OIT (10 decks)

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