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BIO 232 Anatomy OIT > Lecture Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Lecture Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the diencephalon

A

central core of the forebrain
encloses third ventricle
deep to the basal nucle

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2
Q

What does the diencephalon consis of?

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus

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3
Q

Descibe the thalamus

A

paired egg-shaped masses that form the superolateral walls of the third ventricle
connected at the midline by the intermediate mass
80% of diencephalon

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4
Q

What are the four groups of nuclei found in the thalamus?

A

anterior
netral
dorsal
posterior

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5
Q

Want do the nuclei of the thalamus do?

A

acts as relay center

project and receive fibers from cerebral cortex

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6
Q

Describe how impulses travel through the thalamus

A

sensual afferent impulses converge and synapse here
impulses of similar function are sorted out, edited, and relayed as a group
all inputs ascending to the cerebral cortex pass through the thalamus

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7
Q

What are the functions of the thalamus (aside from relay center)?

A

mediates sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory

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8
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

below the thalamus

caps the brainstem and forms the inferolateral walls of the third ventricle

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9
Q

What are the mammillary bodies?

A

small paired nuclei bulging anteriorly from the hypothalamus

relay station for olfactory pathways

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10
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

stalk of the hypothalamus
connects to the pituitary gland
main visceral control center of the body

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11
Q

What are the visceral functions of the hypothalamus?

A

regulates blood pressure, rate and force of heartbeat, digestive tract motility, rate and depth of breathing, and many other visceral activities

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12
Q

What are the emotional functions of the hypothalamus?

A

perception of pleasure, fear, and rage

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13
Q

What are the homeostatic functions of the hypothalamus?

A

regulates normal body temperature

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14
Q

What are the other functions of the hypothalamus?

A

regulates feelings of hunger and satiety

regulates sleep and sleep cycle

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15
Q

What are the endocrine functions of the hypothalamus?

A

releasing hormones control secretion of hormones by the anterior pituitary
supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei produce ADH and oxytocin

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16
Q

Where is the epithalamus located?

A

most dorsal portion of the diencephalon

forms roof of third ventricle

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17
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

extends from the posterior border of the epithalamus and secretes melatonin

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18
Q

What does melatonin do?

A

a hormone involved with sleep regulation, sleep-wake cycles, and mood

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19
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

a structure that secretes cerebral spinal fluid, which is then duped into the third ventricle

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20
Q

What does the brain stem consis of?

A

three regions -
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

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21
Q

Describe the brain stem in terms of gray and white matter

A

similar to spinal cord but contains nuclei embedded in it (grey matter)

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22
Q

What are the functions of the brain stem?

A

controls the automatic behaviors necessary for survival
provides the pathway for tracts between higher and lower brain centers
associated with 10 of the 12 cranial nerves

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23
Q

Where is the midbrain lcoated?

A

between the diencephalon and the pons

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24
Q

What are the cerebral peduncles?

A

two bulging structures of the midbrain that contain descending pyramidal motor tracts

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25
Q

What is the cerebral aqueduct?

A

hollow tube that connects the third and fourth ventricles

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26
Q

What cranial nerves are found in the midbrain?

A

III - oculomotor

IV - trochlear

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27
Q

What are the other nuclei found in the midbrain?

A

corpora quadrigemina
superior colliculi - visual reflex centers
inferior colliculi - auditory reflex centers
substantia nigra - high content of melanin, secretes dopamine
red nucleus - largest nucleus of the reticular formation; red nuclei are relay nuclei for some descending motor pathways

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28
Q

Where is the pons found?

A

bulging brainstem region between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata
forms part of the anterior wall of the fourth ventricle

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29
Q

What do the fibers of the pons do?

A

connect higher brain centers and the spinal cord

relay impulses between motor cortex and cerebellum

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30
Q

What cranial nerves are found in the pons?

A

V - trigeminal
VI - abducens
VII - facial

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31
Q

Where is the medulla oblongata found?

A

most inferior part of the brain stem
forms ventral wall of the fourth ventricle, along with pons
contains a choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle

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32
Q

What are the pyramids of the medulla oblongata?

A

two longitudinal ridges formed by corticospinal tracts

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33
Q

What is decussation of the pyramids?

A

crossover points of the corticospinal tracts

why we have lateralization of the brain

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34
Q

What are the cranial nerves found in the medulla oblongata?

A

XIII, IX, X, XI, and XII

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35
Q

What are the nuclear complexes found in the medulla oblongata?

A 
vestibular nuclear complex - equilibrium
cardiovascular control center
respiratory control center
vasomotor center - blood pressure
addition centers for - vomiting, hiccuping, swallowing, coughing, sneezing
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36
Q

Where is the cerebellum located?

A

dorsal to the pons and medulla
protrudes under the occipital lobe of the cerebrum
makes up 11% of brain’s mass

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37
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction
cerebellar activity occurs subconsciously

38
Q

Describe the exterior of the cerebellum

A

two bilaterally symmetrical hemispheres connected medially by the vermis
each hemisphere has three lobes - anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular
has folia - transversely oriented gyri

39
Q

Describe the interior of the cerebellum

A

neural arrangement - gray matter cortex, internal white matter, scattered nuclei
arbor vitae - distinctive treelike pattern of the cerebellar white matter

40
Q

What are the cerebellar peduncles?

A

three paired fiber tracts that connect the cerebellum to the brain stem

41
Q

How do cerebellar fibers differ from cortical fibers?

A

they are ipsilateral

from and to the same side of the body

42
Q

What does the superior peduncle connect to?

A

cerebellum to the midbrain

43
Q

what do the middle peduncles connect?

A

pons to the cerebellum

44
Q

What do the inferior peduncles connect to?

A

medulla to the cerebellum

45
Q

What happens during cerebellar processing?

A

Cerebellum receives impulses of the intent to initiate voluntary muscle contraction
proprioceptors and visual signals “inform” cerebellum of body’s condition
cerebellar cortex calculates the best way to perform a movement
a “blueprint” of coordinated movement is sent to the cerebral motor cortex

46
Q

What is the cerebellum’s role in cognitive function?

A

plays a role in language and problem solving

recognizes and predicts sequences of events

47
Q

What are the two functional brain systems that are widespread across the brain?

A

Limbic

Reticular

48
Q

Where is the limbic system located?

A

structures are located on the medial aspects of cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon
amygdala
hypothalamus
anterior nucleus of the thalamus

49
Q

What does the amygdala do?

A

deals with anger, danger, and fear response

50
Q

What does the cingulate gyrus do?

A

Plays a role in expressing emotions via gestures
resolves mental conflict
puts emotional responses to odors

51
Q

What can be deduced from the fact that the limbic system interacts with the prefrontal lobes?

A

one can react emotionally to conscious understandings

one is consciously aware of emotion in one’s life

52
Q

What do hippocampal structures of the limbic system do?

A

convert new information into long-term memories

53
Q

Describe the reticular formation of the brain

A

composed of three broad columns along the length of the brain stem - raphe nuclei, medial group, lateral group
has far-flung axonal connections with hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum, and spinal cord

54
Q

What does the reticular activating system do?

A

sends impulses to the cerebral cortex to keep it conscious and alert
filters out repetitive and weak stimuli (~99%)

55
Q

What can affect RAS?

A

inhibited by sleep centers, alcohol, drugs

severe injury results in permanent unconsciousness

56
Q

How does the RAS apply to motor function?

A

helps control coarse motor movements

autonomic centers regulate visceral motor functions

57
Q

What does an EEG do?

A

reflects the electrical activity on which higher mental functions re based
records electrical activity that accompanies brain function
measures electrical potential differences b/w various cortical areas

58
Q

Describe brain waves

A

patterns of neuronal electric activity
each person’s are unique
continuous train of peaks and troughs
wave frequency expressed in Hz

59
Q

Describe alpha waves

A 
regular and rhythmic
low-amplitude
slow
synchronous waves inficating an "idling" brain
8-13 Hz
60
Q

Describe beta waves

A

rhythmic
more irregular waves occuring during the awake and mentalls alert state
14-30 Hz

61
Q

Describe theta waves

A

more irregular than alpha waves
common in children but abnormal in adults
4-7 Hz

62
Q

Describe delta waves

A

high-amplitude waves seen in deep sleep and when RAS is damped
4 Hz or less

63
Q

What is consciousness?

A

encompasses perception of sensation, voluntary initiation, control of movement, and capabilities associated with higher mental processing

64
Q

Where is consciousness expressed in the brain

A

involves simultaneous activity of large areas of the cerebral cortex
superimposed on other types of neural activity
holistic and totally interconnected

65
Q

What is the graded scale of consciousness?

A

alertness
drowsiness or lethargy
stupor
coma

66
Q

What are the two types of sleep?

A

non-rapid eye movement (NREM)

rapid eye movement (REM)

67
Q

When does NREM occur in sleep?

A

the first 30-45 minutes of sleep

four stages

68
Q

When does REM occur?

A

after the fourth NREM stage has been achieved

69
Q

What is stage 1 of NREM?

A

eyes are closed and relaxation begins
alpha waves
one can be easily aroused

70
Q

What is stage 2 of NREM?

A

EEG pattern is irregular with sleep spindles (high-voltage wave bursts)

71
Q

What is stage 3 of NREM?

A

sleep deepends
theta and delta waves appear
vital signs decline
dreaming is common

72
Q

What is stage 4 of NREM?

A

EEG pattern is dominated by delta waves
skeletal muscles are relaxed
arousal is difficult

73
Q

What happens during REM sleep?

A 
EEG pattern reverts through the NREM stages to the stage 1 pattern
vital signs increase
skeletal muscles are inhibited
most dreaming takes place here
rapid pulse/resp rate
erection
mental activity increase
74
Q

What do sleep patterns tell us?

A

alternating cycles of sleep and wakefulness reflect a natural circadian rhythm
the brain is actively guided into sleep
typical sleep pattern alternates between REM and NREM

75
Q

What regulates the sleep cycle (specific)?

A

suprachiasmatic and preoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus

76
Q

What happens when someone is deprived of sleep?

A

slow-wave sleep is presumed to be the restorative stage

those deprived of REM sleep become moody and depressed

77
Q

What happens with sleep as you age?

A

daily sleep requirements decline with age

78
Q

What is speculated about the importance of sleep and information?

A

REM sleep may be a reverse learning process where superfluous information is purged from the brain

79
Q

What is narcolepsy?

A

lapsing abruptly into sleep from awake state

80
Q

What is insomnia?

A

chronic inability to obtain the amount or quality of sleep needed

81
Q

What is sleep apnea?

A

temporary cessation of breathing during sleep

82
Q

What is the locus coeruleus

A

cluster of neurons in RAS
active when we are awake, they produce norepinephrine for fight or flight response
inactive when we are sleeping
no motor activity results from cortical stimuli because they are prevented from reaching the spinal cord

83
Q

What are the three principles of memory?

A

storage - occurs in stages and is continually changing
processing - accomplished by the hippocampus and surrounding structures
memory traces - chemical or structural changes that encode memory

84
Q

What is short term memory?

A

a fleeting memory of the events that continually happen

lasts seconds to hours and is limited to 7 or 8 pieces of information

85
Q

What is long term memory?

A

has limitless capacity

86
Q

What are the factors that affect transfer of memory from short term to long term?

A

emotional state - alert motivated and aroused = good
rehearsal
association - new info with old memories
automatic memory - subconscious info stored in LTM

87
Q

What is fact memory?

A

entails learning explicit information
is related to our conscious thoughts and our language ability
is stored with the context in which it was learned

88
Q

What areas are involved in fact memory?

A

hippocampus and amygdala
specific areas of the thalamus and hypothalamus
ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the basal forebrain

89
Q

What is skill memory?

A

less conscious than fact memory and involves motor activity
is id acquired through practice
do not retain the context in which they were learned
difficult to unlearn

90
Q

What areas of the brain are involved in skill memory?

A

corpus striatum - mediates the automatic connections between a stimulus and a motor response
portion of the brain receiving the stimulus
premotor and motor cortex

91
Q

Describe the mechanisms of memory (9 points)

A

neuronal RNA content is altered
dendritic spines change shape
extracellular proteins are deposited at synapses involved in LTM
number and size of presynaptic terminals may increase
more neurotransmitted is released by presynaptic neuron
new hippocampal neurons appear
long-term potentiation is involved and is mediated by NMDA receptors
synaptic events involve the binding of brain-derived neurotropic factor
BDNF is involved with NA, CA, and MG influence at synapses

BIO 232 Anatomy OIT (10 decks)

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