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BIO 232 Anatomy OIT > Lecture Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Quiz 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the general job of the nervous system?

A

sensory input
integration
motor output

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2
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of? What is its general function?

A

brain and spinal cord

acts as integration and command center

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3
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of? What is its general function?

A

paired spinal and cranial nerves

carries messages to and from the spinal cord and brain

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4
Q

Describe somatic sensory afferent fibers

A

sensory division

carry impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to the brain

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5
Q

Describe visceral sensory afferent fibers

A

sensory division

transmit impulses from visceral organs to the brain

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6
Q

What is the motor division responsible for in the PNS?

A

transmits impulses from the CNS to effector organs

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7
Q

What does the somatic nervous system do?

A

conscious control of skeletal muscles

voluntary

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8
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

A

regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic

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9
Q

What is a nucleus in the nervous system?

A

cluster of cell BODIES found in the CNS

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10
Q

What is a ganglion in the nervous system?

A

cluster of cell BODIES found in the PNS

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11
Q

What is a nerve in the nervous system?

A

a bundle of AXONS found in the PNS

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12
Q

What is a nerve tract in the nervous system?

A

a collection of axons in the CNS having the same origin, termination, and function

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13
Q

What is cephalization?

A

elaboration of the anterior portion of the CNS
increase in number of neurons in the head
highest level is reached in the human brain

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14
Q

What does the surface anatomy of the brain consist of?

A

includes cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brain stem

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15
Q

What is gray matter?

A

collection of neuronal cell bodies and their dendrites

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16
Q

What is white matter?

A

collection of myelinated nerve fibers

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17
Q

What is the ectoderm?

A

cell layer at the dorsal surface of developing brain

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18
Q

What happens during the first 26 days of embryonic development of the brain?

A

ectoderm thickens, forming the neural plate
neural plate invaginates, forming the neural groove
neural groove fuses dorsally and forms the neural tube
anterior -> brain ; posterior -> spinal cord

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19
Q

Describe the formation of the primary brain vesicles

A

anterior end of the neural tube expands and constricts to for the three primary brain vesicles

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20
Q

What are the three primary brain vesicles?

A

prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon

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21
Q

When do secondary brain vesicles development? What are they (5 - one unchanged)

A 
in week 5 of embryonic development, secondary brain vesicles form
telencephalon
diencephalon
mesencephalon
metencephalon
myelencephalon
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22
Q

What adult brain structures for from the telencephalon?

A

cerebrum: cortex
white matter
basal nuclei

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23
Q

What adult brain structures for from the diencephalon?

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
retina

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24
Q

What adult brain structures form from the mesencephalon?

A

brain stem - midbrain

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25
Q

What adult structures form from the metencephalon

A

brain stem: pons, cerebellum

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26
Q

What adult structures form from the myelencephalon?

A

medulla oblongata

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27
Q

What does the telencephalon develop into in the neural canal?

A

lateral ventricle

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28
Q

What does the diencephalon develop into in the neural canal?

A

third ventricle

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29
Q

What does the mesencephalon develop into in the neural canal?

A

cerebral aqueduct

30
Q

What does the metencephalon and myelencephalon develop into in the neural canal?

A

fourth ventricle

31
Q

Describe the basic pattern of the spinal cord

A

central cavity is surrounded by a gray matter - inner zone

external to which is white matter composed of myelinated fiber tracts

32
Q

Describe the basic pattern of the brain

A

similar to spinal cord but with additional areas of gray matter
cerebellum has gray matter in cortex
cerebrum has nuclei and additional gray matter in the cortex

33
Q

Where do the ventricles of the brain arise from?

A

expansion of the lumen of the neural tube

34
Q

Describe the ventricles of the brain

A

paired C-shaped lateral ventricles
third ventricle is found in the diencephalon
fourth ventricle is found in the hindbrain dorsal to the pons

35
Q

Describe the cerebral hemisphere of the brain

A

forms the superior part of the brain and makes up 83% of its mass

36
Q

What are the ridges and shallow grooves of the cerebrum called?

A

ridges = gyri

shallow grooves = sulci

37
Q

What are the deep grooves of the brain?

A

fissures

38
Q

What are the three basic regions of the cerebrum?

A

cortex
white matter
basal nuclei

39
Q

What are the five lobes of the brain and what are they separated by?

A 
deep sulci separate them
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
insula
central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes
40
Q

What are the three major lobes, gyri, and sulci of the cerebral hemisphere?

A

parieto-occipital sulcus - separates parietal and occipital lobes
lateral sulcus - separates the parietal and frontal lobes
precentral and postcentral gyri border the central sulcus

41
Q

Describe the cerebral cortex

A

superficial gray matter

accounts for 40% mass of the brain

42
Q

What does the cerebral cortex enable?

A 
sensation
communication
memory
understanding
voluntary movements
43
Q

Describe the functionality of the cerebral cortex in respect to hemispheres

A

each hemisphere acts colaterally (controls opposite side of the body)
hemispheres are not equal in function (there is cerebral dominance - left = mathematical and right = creative)
no functional area acts alone - conscious behavior involves the entire cortex

44
Q

What are the three functional areas of the cerebral cortex and what do they control?

A

motor areas - control voluntary movement
sensory areas - conscious awareness of sensation
association areas - integrate diverse information

45
Q

What do the functional areas of the cerebral cortex contain?

A 
gray matter
neuron cell bodies
dendrites
associated glial cells
blood vessels
46
Q

Describe the functionality of the primary motor cortex

A

located in the precentral gyrus

allows conscious control of precise, skilled, voluntary movement

47
Q

What is the primary motor cortex made up of?

A

pyramidal cells whose axons make up the corticospinal tracts

48
Q

Describe the functionality of the premotor cortex

A

controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills (i.e. typing)
coordinates simultaneous sequential actions
involved in the planning of movements

49
Q

Describe the location and functionality of Broca’s area

A

present in only one hemisphere (usually the left)
a motor speech area that directs muscles of the tongue
active as one prepares to speak

50
Q

What is Broca’s Aphasia?

A

discovered in 1861

pt’s cannot put together complex sentences

51
Q

Describe the local eye field

A

located anterior to the premotor cortex and superior to Broca’s area
controls voluntary eye movement

52
Q

Describe the primary somatosensory cortex

A

Located in the post central gyrus
receives information from the skin and skeletal muscles
exhibits spatial discrimination - determines which part of the body is affected

53
Q

What is the function of the somatosensory association cortex?

A

integrates sensory information
forms the comprehensive understanding of the stimulus
determines size, texture, and relationship of parts - determines what something is based on touch

54
Q

Describe the visual area of the cortex - 2

A

primary visual cortex - receives visual information from the retinas
visual association area - interprets visual stimuli - color, movement, form

55
Q

What does the primary auditory cortex do?

A

receives information related to pitch, rhythm, and loudness

56
Q

What does the auditory association area do?

A

stores memories of sounds and permits perception of sounds

aka Wernicke’s area

57
Q

What is the functionality of the anterior association area?

A

involved with intellect, cognition, recall, and personality
necessary for judgment, reasoning, persistence, and conscience
closely linked to the limbic system

58
Q

What is the functionality of the posterior association area?

A

found in one hemisphere - usually the left
integrates incoming signals into a single thought
involved in processing spatial relationships

59
Q

What is the functionality of the limbic association area?

A

involved in emotion and memory

60
Q

What is lateralization?

A

each brain hemisphere has abilities not shared with its partner

61
Q

What is cerebral dominance?

A

designates the hemisphere dominant for language

62
Q

What does the left side of the brain control in 90% of people?

A

language, math, logic

63
Q

What does the right side of the brain control in 90% of people?

A

visual-spatial skills, emotion, and artistic skills

64
Q

What does cerebral white matter consist of?

A

deep myelinated fibers and their tracts

65
Q

What is cerebral white matter responsible for?

A

communication between the cerebral cortex and lower CNS center as well as areas of the cerebrum

66
Q

What are commisures?

A

white matter

connect corresponding gray areas of the two hemispheres

67
Q

What are association fibers?

A

white matter

connect different parts of the same hemisphere

68
Q

What are projection fibers?

A

white matter

enter the hemispheres from lower brain or cord centers, and those leave the cortex to the lower areas

69
Q

What are the basal nuclei?

A

masses of gray matter found deep within the cortical white matter

70
Q

What is the corpus striatum and what is it composed of?

A

basal nuclei ** recheck this card
composed of three parts:
caudate nucleus
lentiform nucleus (composed of the putamen and the globus pallidus)
fibers of the internal capsul running between and through caudate and lentiform nuclei

71
Q

What are the functions of the basal nuclei (4)?

A

influence muscular activity
regulate attention and cognition
regulate intensity of slow or stereotyped movements
inhibit antagonistic and unnecessary movement

72
Q

What is the largest commisure?

A

corpus callosum

BIO 232 Anatomy OIT (10 decks)

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