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BIO 232 Anatomy OIT > Lecture Quiz 8 > Flashcards

Lecture Quiz 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Carry blood away from the heart

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2
Q

What do veins do?

A

Carry blood towards the heart

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3
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

contact tissue cells and directly serve cellular needs

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4
Q

Describe the components of arterial and venous walls

A

composed of three tunics: tunica interna, tunica media, and tunica externa
surround the central blood-containing space, the lumen

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5
Q

Describe the tunica interna

A

endothelial layer that lines the lumen of all vessels

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6
Q

What is found in vessels larger than 1 mm?

A

a subendothelial layer of connective tissue is present

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7
Q

Describe the tunica media

A

consists of smooth muscle and an elastic. fiber layer
regulated by the sympathetic nervous system
controls the vasoconstriction and vasodilation of vessels

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8
Q

Describe the tunica externa (tunica adventitia)

A

contains collagen fibers that protect and reinforce the vessel wall

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9
Q

What is vasa vasorum?

A

a network of small blood vessels that supply the walls of large blood vessels, such as elastic arteries and large veins

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10
Q

What are elastic arteries?

A

thick-walled arteries near the heart (aorta and its major branches)
contain elastin

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11
Q

What does the elastic in elastic arteries do?

A

help withstand and smooth out large blood pressure fluctuations
allow blood to flow fairly continuously through the body

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12
Q

What are muscular arteries?

A 
found distal to elastic arteries
deliver blood to organs
thick tunica media
more smooth muscle
less elastic tissue
active in vasoconstriction
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13
Q

What are arterioles?

A

the smalles arteries
lead to capillary beds
control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and constriction

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14
Q

What is blood pressure defined as?

A

the force per unit area exerted by blood on the vessel wall
expressed in mm Hg
measured in reference to systemic arterial BP in the large arteries near the heart

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15
Q

What do the differences in BP provide?

A

the driving force that keeps blood moving from higher to lower pressure areas

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16
Q

What is resistance defined as?

A

the opposition to flow

measures the amount of friction that the blood encounters as it passes through the vessels

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17
Q

What are the three important sources of resistance?

A

blood viscosity
total blood vessel length
blood vessel diameter

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18
Q

What is blood viscosity?

A

represents thickness or stickiness of blood
directly proportional to resistance
R goes up, BF goes down

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19
Q

How does blood vessel length affect resistance?

A

the longer the vessel, the greater the resistance encountered

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20
Q

How does vessel diameter affect resistance?

A

changes in vessel diameter are frequent and most significant to peripheral resistance
small-diameter arterioles are the major determinants of peripheral resistance

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21
Q

What is blood flow defined as?

A

volume of blood flowing through a vessel, an organ, or the entire circulation in a given period of time
measured in mL/min

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22
Q

What does blood flow throughout the entire vascular system equate to?

A

Cardiac output

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23
Q

How does blood flow compare throughout organs?

A

varies wildly through individual organs

dependent on its immediate needs

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24
Q

What is blood flow directly proportional to?

A

change in blood pressure between two points in the circulatory pathway

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25
Q

Describe how change in pressure and blood flow affect each other in terms of up and down

A

if change in pressure increases, blood flow increases

if change in pressure decreases, blood flow decreases

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26
Q

What is blood flow inversely proportional to?

A

resistance

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27
Q

Describe how resistance and blood flow affect each other in terms of up and down

A

If resistance increases, blood flow decreases

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28
Q

What is the equation to calculate blood flow?

A

pressure gradient/resistance

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29
Q

When is pressure resulted in the vascular system,?

A

when flow is opposed by resistance

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30
Q

Describe systemic pressure throughout the cardiovascular system

A

highest in the aorta

declines throughout the length of the pathway

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31
Q

Where is systemic pressure 0 mmHg?

A

right atrium

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32
Q

Where does the steepest change of systemic pressure occur?

A

the arterioles

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33
Q

What is blood pressure like in the elastic arteries near the heart?

A

pulsatile

34
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

the pressure exerted on the arterial walls during ventricular contraction
normal value is less than 120 mmHg

35
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

lowest level of arterial pressure during a ventricular cycle

normal value is less than 80 mmHg

36
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

P pulse = P systolic - P diastolic

37
Q

What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

A

the pressure that propels the blood to the tissues

MAP = P diastolic + 1/3 P pulse

38
Q

What two factors does arterial blood pressure reflect?

A

their elasticity

the amount of blood force into them at any given time

39
Q

How is blood pressure maintained?

A

through cooperation of the heart, blood vessels, kidneys, and the brain

40
Q

What are the main factors influencing blood pressure?

A

cardiac output
peripheral resistance
blood volume
BP = CO * PR

41
Q

What are short-term controls in regulating blood pressure?

A

mediated by the nervous system and blood-borne chemicals that counteract moment-to-moment fluctuations in blood pressure by altering peripheral resistance

42
Q

What are long-term controls in regulating blood pressure?

A

These just regulate blood volume

43
Q

What does high blood pressure do to baroreceptors?

A

increases stimulation of baroreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinuses
stimulus is processed by the cardiovascular center

44
Q

What does high blood pressure result in in regards to the nervous system?

A 
increase in parasympathetic activity - decreases heart rate and contractility
leads to decrease of CO and therefore BP
sympathetic activity decreased
decrease in peripheral resistance
decrease BP
45
Q

What does declining BP do to baroreceptors?

A

decreases rate of firing

stimulus is processed by the cardiovascular center

46
Q

What does declining blood pressure result in in regards to the nervous system?

A 
sympathetic stimulation
vasoconstriction
increase in peripheral vascular resistance
increase in heart rate and contractility
increase CO
BP rises back to normal
47
Q

How have baroreceptors adapted to chronic increased BP?

A

stimulates the kidneys to elimnate water, thus reducing BP

48
Q

How have baroreceptors adapted to chronic reduced BP?

A

stimulates the kidneys to increase blood volume and VP

kidneys act directly and indirectly to maintain long-term blood pressure

49
Q

What does the direct renal mechanism lead to in increased BP?

A

increase urine production
lower blood volume
decrease BP

50
Q

What does the direct renal mechanism lead to in reduced BP?

A

renin-angiotensin mechanism
renin is released by the kidneys
renin converts blood-born angiotensinogen into angiotensin I
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) further converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II

51
Q

What effects does angiotensin II have?

A

potent vasoconstrictor which increases resistance and BP
stimulates aldosterone and ADH secretion
these enhance renal reabsorption and lead to water retention
BV leads to preload increase and SV, CO, BP increase

52
Q

What do capillary walls consist of?

A

thin tunica interna, one cell thick

lumen only allows one RBC to pass at a time

53
Q

What are continuous capillaries?

A

abundant in the skin and muscles
have endothelial cells that provide an uninterrupted lining
adjacent cells held together with tight junctions

54
Q

What allows passage of fluids in continuous capillaries?

A

intercellular clefts of unjointed membranes

55
Q

What are fenestrated capillaries?

A

found wherever active capillary absorption or filtrate formation occurs
characterized by fenestrations (pores) and are more permeable to solutes and fluids than other capillaries

56
Q

What are sinusoids?

A

highly modified, leaky, fenestrated capillaries with large lumens
allow large molecules (proteins and blood cells) to pass between the blood and surrounding tissues

57
Q

Where are sinusoids found?

A

liver
bone marrow
lymphoid tissue
some endocrine organs

58
Q

What are metarterioles?

A

a thoroughfare channel connecting an arteriole directly with a postcapillary venule

59
Q

Describe the capillary pathway

A

microcirculation of interwoven networks of capillaries consists of vascular shunts
true capillaries that branch off the metarteriole
return to the thoroughfare channel at the distal end of the bed
review in book worded horribly in notes

60
Q

What are precapillary phincters?

A

contain smooth muscle cells
surround each true capillary
regulate blood flow into it

61
Q

What regulates blood flow through the capillary bed?

A

vasomotor nerves
local chemical conditions
it can either bypass or flood the capillary bed

62
Q

What are venules?

A

formed when capillary beds unite

63
Q

What happens in capillary exchange?

A

O2, CO2, nutrients, and metabolic wastes diffuse between the blood and interstitial fluids along concentration gradients

64
Q

What passes FROM blood TO tissues in capillary exchange?

A

O2

nutrients

65
Q

What passes TO blood FROM tissues in capillary exchange?

A

CO2

metabolic wastes

66
Q

What types of molecules travel through what type of passageways in capillary exchange?

A

water-soluble solutes pass through clefts and fenestrations

lipid-soluble molecules diffuse directly through endothelial membranes

67
Q

What is capillary filtration subjective to?

A

direction and the amount of fluid flow depend upon the difference between hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure

68
Q

What is capillary hydrostatic pressure?

A

the pressure of blood on the capillary walls

forces fluids through the capillary walls

69
Q

Describe hydrostatic pressure throughout a capillary bed

A

because of the resistance, HPc is greater at the arterial end of a bed than at the venular end
very little fluid in interstitial space, so HPc on capillary wall by interstitial fluid is very small

70
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

the pull of water exerted by large non-diffusible molecules

71
Q

What causes capillary osmotic pressure?

A

non-diffusible plasma proteins

these draw water to themselves

72
Q

What is interstitial osmotic pressure?

A

Created by the few proteins in the interstitial space

small

73
Q

How is net filtration pressure calculated?

A

NFP = P out - P in = (HPc + OPi) - (HPi + OPc)

74
Q

What happens when NFP is positive? Negative?

A

positive - filtration takes place

negative - reabsorption takes place

75
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

excessive fluid is filtered from the capillaries and is returned to general circulation via the lymphatic system

76
Q

What are lymphatic capillaries?

A

blind ended and extremely porous capillaries that lie in the interstitial spaces
aid in reabsorption of interstitial fluid
assemble into lymphatic ducts

77
Q

Where do lymphatic capillaries travel to?

A

pass through lymph nodes and drain into subclavian veins

78
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

a site of immune defense

79
Q

Describe the right lymphatic duct

A

drains lymph from the right side of the body above the diagram

80
Q

Describe the thoracic duct

A

drains the lymph from the left side of the body above the diaphragm and all the body below the diaphragm

81
Q

What are venules?

A

formed when capillary beds unite

82
Q

What forms veins?

A

formed by converging venules

BIO 232 Anatomy OIT (10 decks)

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