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Dermatology > Lecture: Pesticides and flea control > Flashcards

Lecture: Pesticides and flea control Flashcards

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1
Q

allergy vaccines only for what type of sensitivity?

A

type 1

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2
Q

Flea allergy sensitivity is/are what type/s?

A
  • Type 1 and type 4
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3
Q

Adults constitute what percent of flea population?

A

about 5%

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4
Q

Eggs and Pupae constitute what percent of flea population?

A

about 95%

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5
Q

Three parts of ectoparasite control

A
  1. Adulticides on pet
    • essential for flea
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6
Q

Parasiticide targets

A
  1. Axon
    • voltage gated Na+ channels
    • GABA-glutamate channels
    • chloride channels
  2. Synapses
    • Ca++
    • acetylcholine
    • acetylcholinesterase
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7
Q

axonal parasiticides

A
  1. Inc Na+ flux
    • pyrethrins/pyrethroids
  2. dec Na+ flux
    • Metaflumizone, indoxacarb
  3. inc GABA gated glutamate channels
    • macrocyclic lactones
  4. dec GABA gated choride channels
    • fipronil
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8
Q

synaptic parasiticides

A
  1. Cholinesterase inhibitors
    • Organophosphates
    • carbamates
  2. Activation of nAch receptor gated Ca++ channels
    • spinosad
    • spinoteram
  3. Binding to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
    • Imidacloprid
    • nitepyran
    • dinotefuran
  4. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
    • Amitraz
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9
Q

Pyrethrin

A
  • quick kill
  • ok for puppies or cats
  • no residual activity
  • UV inactivated
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10
Q

Permethrin

A
  • synthetic pyrethroid
  • conc above 0.5% is toxic to cats
  • repels and kills fleas, ticks, mosquitos if conc > 2%
  • binds to hair and skin, photo stable, washed off by bathing
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11
Q

Permethrin vet products

A
  • Advantix II (Bayer)
    • 55% permethrin (toxic to cats when wet)
    • available over the counter
    • also has imidacloprid
  • Activyl plus (Merck) [Activyl is the cat product]
    • Indoxacarb and permethrin
  • Vectra 3D (Summit VetPharm) [Vectra 2D is cat version]
    • 33% permethrin
    • has pyriproxifen (insect growth regulator) and dinotefuran (adulticide)
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12
Q

Deltametrin

A
  • Pyrethroid ester insecticide
  • kills fleas and ticks
  • Repels mosquitos, Culicoides (bugs transmitting leishmaniasis)
  • available as a collar
  • lasts 6 months
  • water resistant
  • can cause local irritation
  • can be good choice for hunting dogs
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13
Q

Metaflumizone

A
  • Kills fleas only
  • blocks voltage dependent Na+ channels interrupting nerve impulse
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14
Q

ProMeris (Fort Dodge)

A
  • topical q 4 weeks
  • K9
    • metaflumizone + amitraz (flea and tick control)
      • discontinued in US, PF reactions
  • feline
    • metaflulmizone (flea control)
  • sold only to vets
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15
Q

Indoxacarb (Activyl, Merck)

A
  • Blocks Na channel
  • bioactivation in flea
  • safe for mammals
  • water safe, topical, once a month
  • quick kill, no repellent activity

*activyl plus has permethrin and toxic to cats and kids

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16
Q

Fipronil

A
  • adulticide acting on GABA receptor - axonal hyperexcitation
  • flea adulticide
  • used in agriculture
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17
Q

Frontline plus

A
  • fipronil + methoprene
  • supposed to kill fleas and ticks
  • doesn’t work well in FL
  • concentrates in sebaceous gland
    • have to wait 2 days before and after bath
  • photo-stable
  • safe for puppies and kittens
  • water resistent
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18
Q

Walmart fipronil

A
  • different vehicle, doesn’t penetrate sebaceous glands so doesn’t last as long
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19
Q

Effitix

A
  • Fipronil + 44% permethrin
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20
Q

Tritak

A
  • Tritak for dogs
    • Fipronil + Cyphenothrin (permethrin derivative) + Methoprene
  • Tritak for cats
    • Fipronil + etofenprox + methoprene (mimics juvenile hormone of fleas)
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21
Q

Bravecto (Fluralaner)

A
  • Oral flea and tick control
    • up to 12 weeks protection against fleas and ticks
  • selective inhibition of arthropod GABA and I - glutamate-gated chloride channels
  • For dogs and puppies 6 months or older
  • off label tx for demodex

*expensive

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22
Q

NexGard (Afoxolaner)

A
  • Oral flea and tick control for 30 days
  • 100% kill within 24 hours
  • dogs only
  • similar MOA to fluralaner
    • more selective for GABA receptors in insects or ticks than mammals

*cheaper than Fluralaner)

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23
Q

Organophosphates

Study These Flashcards
A
  • adulticides targeting synapse
  • for environmental use, NOT RECOMMENDED, DON’T USE
  • cholinesterase inhibitors
  • used by licensed pesticide poerators for mosquito and agricultural pest control
  • Toxic effects
    • muscle twitching/seizures
  • Antidotes
    • atropine and antihistamines
24
Q

Carbamates

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Adulticides targeting synapse
  • NO LONGER RECOMMENDED, DON”T USE
  • Less toxic and less effective than organophosphates
  • antidote: atropine
25
Spinosad (comfortis)
* give with food * for absorption and avoid vomiting * non-antibiotic tetracyclic macrolide * lowers threshold for seizures * toxic in combo with high dose ivermectin (tx for demodex)
26
Comfortis/trifexis Spinosad
* apporoved for dogs and cats * Good * chewable * kills all fleas in 30 min to 4 hours * flea adulticide effects last 30 days * Bad * no repellant properties * vomiting * no insect growth regulator \*some people starting to use every 3 weeks
27
Spinoteram
* Cats only * alter function of nicotinic and GABA channels * one of fastest adulticide on market for cats (\< 12 hours) * topical * once a month
28
Imidacloprid (advantage)
* resistance out west and some in FL * Good * adulticide * once a month for dogs and cats * Bad * removed by water * doesn't repel fleas, no effect on ticks * no insect growth regulater
29
Imidacloprid products
1. Advantage II * spot on combo with IgR + Nylar (IgR) * OTC 2. Advantix II * spot on dogs only * combo with permethrin + IgR * OTC 3. Advantage Multi * spot-on * combo with Moxidectin (HW prevention and demodex tx) * no repellent, doesn't do ticks * prescription * can use when doing a food trial 4. Seresto * collar * combo with flumethrin
30
Imidacloprid in Advantage II
* Chloronicotinyl nitroguanidine insecticide * Binds and stimulates insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor * Good * safe for cats and dogs * flea adulticide * safe, non-teratogenic, non-mutagenic * Bad * removed by water (immersion/bathing) * Doesn't repel fleas * no effect on ticks
31
Imidacloprid in Advantix II
* has 44% permethrin (DOGS ONLY) * kills 98-100% fleas w/in 12 hours * repels fleas, ticks and mosquitoes * somewhat waterproof * cheaper alternative OTC for flea allergic pets
32
Imidacloprid in Seresto
* safe for cats * don't need to remove for bathing * lasts 8 months * repels ticks * Kills but doesn't repel fleas
33
Nitenpyram (Capstar)
* Binds and inhibits nicotinic acetylcholine receptors * given PO dogs and cats * Safe and fast, doesn't last more than 1 day, no interactions * Useful in clinics, boarding facilities, severe infestations
34
Dinotefuran
* new 3rd gen flea adulticide * spec and selective for flea acetylcholine receptors
35
Vectra 3D
* 36% permethrin * Good * has IGR, adulticide and repellent in 1 product * labeled for fleas (all stages) ticks & mosquitos * Bad * Efficacy dec by bathing, limited frerquency of application q 4 weeks * permethrin is toxic to cats, caution owners
36
Insect growth regulators (3 chemicals)
1. Methoprene 2. Pyriproxifen 3. Lufenuron
37
Methoprene
* mimics flea juvenile hormone (doesn't let juvenile fleas progress) * Good * active against several insects * available for on pet and environmental * Bad * photo-inactivated * No adulticide * does not repel * products * Precor * Frontlin plus (Merial) \*very cheap, can treat inside of house
38
Pyriproxifen (Nylar)
* Good * works for up to 6 months * very safe * Effects eggs and larva * may have delayed flea adulticide activity * OTC for use in environment * Stable indoors and outdoors (not inactivated by UV light) * Products * Nylar * Vectra 3D * Knock out - premises
39
Luferuron
* Chitin synthesis inhibitor * Good * oral, q 1 month * very safe for dogs and cats * Bad * no adulticide * does not repel * lag phase: 3 months if used alone for flea control * Products: used in combo products * must be given with food * cats need higher dose * prevents flea repro after blood meal
40
Milbemycin Macrocyclic Lactones
* interrupts axonal nerve transmission * combo product * sentinel * novartis * once a month chewable * for dogs or cats older than 4 weeks * labeled for * heartworms * hookworms * roundworms * whipworms
41
Ivermectin Macrocyclic lactone
* only approved for heartworm prevention (6 microgram/kg) * products * heartgard plus (Merial): ivermectin + pyrantel * D immitis, hookworms, roundworms * off label uses * demodex * sarcoptes * no efficacy against fleas or ticks
42
Selamectin (Revolution, Pfizer)
* Top spot, systemically absorbed, 1 X/month * Good * systemic absorption means bathing ok * Broad label claims * dogs: ear mites, sarcoptes, heartowrm, dermacentor * cats: hookworms, roundworms * Bad * may have poor efficacy against fleas (clinical opinion) * breakthroughs reported for HW prevention * no repellant * no IGR
43
Moxidectin Macrocyclic lactone
* Products * advantage multi (bayer) with imidacloprid * topical product for dogs and cats * 1X/month * Good * flea and heartworm control in one * Bad * dec efficacy with bathing * Ivermectin sensitive breeds * also used for demodex
44
Formanidines Amitraz
* Monoamine oxidase inhibitor * topical for K9 demodecosis * Toxic to horses and cats
45
Amitraz collar (preventic)
* Dogs only * Kills fleas and ticks \*cheap option for hunting dogs
46
Certifect
* Amitraz and fipronil: **dogs only** * Repellent and adulticide * fleas and ticks * topical * once a month * works by contact * reported cases of PF
47
Summary of axonal parasiticides
1. Permethrin: inc Na+ flux * alters stimulatory input 2. Metflumizone: dec Na+ flux * alters stimulatory input 3. Selamectin: inc GABA gated glutamate channels * alters inhibitory input 4. Fipronil: dec GABA gated chloride channels * alters inhibitory input
48
Summary synaptic parasiticides
1. Cholinesterase inhibitors * organophosphates * carbamates 2. Mimic acetylcholine * Imidacloprid * Nitenpyram * Dinotefuran 3. dec Neurotransmitter degradation (MO inhib) * Amitraz
49
General rules for environmental flea control
* should be focused on areas protected from UV light, moist * Repeat every 3 weeks at peak of season * Combination of adulticide and IGR
50
Environmental flea control Non chemical approach
* Diatomeaceous earth: physical damage of exoskeleton * Beneficial nematodes (L3): eat fleas, harmed by UV and drought, must reapply * Borax powder for inside (sodium polyborate) * flea dessicant * best if professional applied * will last 1 year if carpet is not shampooed
51
Activyl vs advantix
* endoxicarb has to be bioactivated, safe for everyone cept fleas
52
Environmental flea control Chemical products
* Outdoor * yard treatment: Virbac * Esfenvalerate is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide * inexpensive * Indoor * low % permethrin in Nylar (Knockout treatment) * this permethrin is safe for cats, if room has dried
53
Summary Products with large amounts permethrin
* Dog only products, or dogs that don't have cat friends! * Advantix II (OTC) * Effitix (OTC) * Activyl plus (Merck, Indoxacarb and permethrin) * Vectra 3D (Summit VetPharm)
54
Summary of products with synthetic pyrethroid
* products that can be used on cats, I think * Frontline Tritak (diff form for dogs and cats) * Seresto collar * Scalibor collar: **don't use on cat**
55
* 2 yr old DSH with flea allergy dermatitis * Env: multi-cat household inside/outside and several dogs. 5 acre farm. * What flea control regimen do you recommend?
* Seresto * environment: Knockout inside (no one will drop dead) * nematodes for outside * IGR: Nylar

Dermatology (22 decks)

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