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Dermatology > Lecture: Pesticides and flea control > Flashcards

Lecture: Pesticides and flea control Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

allergy vaccines only for what type of sensitivity?

A

type 1

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2
Q

Flea allergy sensitivity is/are what type/s?

A
  • Type 1 and type 4
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3
Q

Adults constitute what percent of flea population?

A

about 5%

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4
Q

Eggs and Pupae constitute what percent of flea population?

A

about 95%

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5
Q

Three parts of ectoparasite control

A
  1. Adulticides on pet
    • essential for flea
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6
Q

Parasiticide targets

A
  1. Axon
    • voltage gated Na+ channels
    • GABA-glutamate channels
    • chloride channels
  2. Synapses
    • Ca++
    • acetylcholine
    • acetylcholinesterase
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7
Q

axonal parasiticides

A
  1. Inc Na+ flux
    • pyrethrins/pyrethroids
  2. dec Na+ flux
    • Metaflumizone, indoxacarb
  3. inc GABA gated glutamate channels
    • macrocyclic lactones
  4. dec GABA gated choride channels
    • fipronil
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8
Q

synaptic parasiticides

A
  1. Cholinesterase inhibitors
    • Organophosphates
    • carbamates
  2. Activation of nAch receptor gated Ca++ channels
    • spinosad
    • spinoteram
  3. Binding to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
    • Imidacloprid
    • nitepyran
    • dinotefuran
  4. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
    • Amitraz
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9
Q

Pyrethrin

A
  • quick kill
  • ok for puppies or cats
  • no residual activity
  • UV inactivated
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10
Q

Permethrin

A
  • synthetic pyrethroid
  • conc above 0.5% is toxic to cats
  • repels and kills fleas, ticks, mosquitos if conc > 2%
  • binds to hair and skin, photo stable, washed off by bathing
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11
Q

Permethrin vet products

A
  • Advantix II (Bayer)
    • 55% permethrin (toxic to cats when wet)
    • available over the counter
    • also has imidacloprid
  • Activyl plus (Merck) [Activyl is the cat product]
    • Indoxacarb and permethrin
  • Vectra 3D (Summit VetPharm) [Vectra 2D is cat version]
    • 33% permethrin
    • has pyriproxifen (insect growth regulator) and dinotefuran (adulticide)
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12
Q

Deltametrin

A
  • Pyrethroid ester insecticide
  • kills fleas and ticks
  • Repels mosquitos, Culicoides (bugs transmitting leishmaniasis)
  • available as a collar
  • lasts 6 months
  • water resistant
  • can cause local irritation
  • can be good choice for hunting dogs
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13
Q

Metaflumizone

A
  • Kills fleas only
  • blocks voltage dependent Na+ channels interrupting nerve impulse
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14
Q

ProMeris (Fort Dodge)

A
  • topical q 4 weeks
  • K9
    • metaflumizone + amitraz (flea and tick control)
      • discontinued in US, PF reactions
  • feline
    • metaflulmizone (flea control)
  • sold only to vets
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15
Q

Indoxacarb (Activyl, Merck)

A
  • Blocks Na channel
  • bioactivation in flea
  • safe for mammals
  • water safe, topical, once a month
  • quick kill, no repellent activity

*activyl plus has permethrin and toxic to cats and kids

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16
Q

Fipronil

A
  • adulticide acting on GABA receptor - axonal hyperexcitation
  • flea adulticide
  • used in agriculture
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17
Q

Frontline plus

A
  • fipronil + methoprene
  • supposed to kill fleas and ticks
  • doesn’t work well in FL
  • concentrates in sebaceous gland
    • have to wait 2 days before and after bath
  • photo-stable
  • safe for puppies and kittens
  • water resistent
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18
Q

Walmart fipronil

A
  • different vehicle, doesn’t penetrate sebaceous glands so doesn’t last as long
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19
Q

Effitix

A
  • Fipronil + 44% permethrin
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20
Q

Tritak

A
  • Tritak for dogs
    • Fipronil + Cyphenothrin (permethrin derivative) + Methoprene
  • Tritak for cats
    • Fipronil + etofenprox + methoprene (mimics juvenile hormone of fleas)
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21
Q

Bravecto (Fluralaner)

A
  • Oral flea and tick control
    • up to 12 weeks protection against fleas and ticks
  • selective inhibition of arthropod GABA and I - glutamate-gated chloride channels
  • For dogs and puppies 6 months or older
  • off label tx for demodex

*expensive

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22
Q

NexGard (Afoxolaner)

A
  • Oral flea and tick control for 30 days
  • 100% kill within 24 hours
  • dogs only
  • similar MOA to fluralaner
    • more selective for GABA receptors in insects or ticks than mammals

*cheaper than Fluralaner)

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23
Q

Organophosphates

A
  • adulticides targeting synapse
  • for environmental use, NOT RECOMMENDED, DON’T USE
  • cholinesterase inhibitors
  • used by licensed pesticide poerators for mosquito and agricultural pest control
  • Toxic effects
    • muscle twitching/seizures
  • Antidotes
    • atropine and antihistamines
24
Q

Carbamates

A
  • Adulticides targeting synapse
  • NO LONGER RECOMMENDED, DON”T USE
  • Less toxic and less effective than organophosphates
  • antidote: atropine
25
Q

Spinosad (comfortis)

A
  • give with food
    • for absorption and avoid vomiting
  • non-antibiotic tetracyclic macrolide
  • lowers threshold for seizures
  • toxic in combo with high dose ivermectin (tx for demodex)
26
Q

Comfortis/trifexis

Spinosad

A
  • apporoved for dogs and cats
  • Good
    • chewable
    • kills all fleas in 30 min to 4 hours
    • flea adulticide effects last 30 days
  • Bad
    • no repellant properties
    • vomiting
    • no insect growth regulator

*some people starting to use every 3 weeks

27
Q

Spinoteram

A
  • Cats only
  • alter function of nicotinic and GABA channels
  • one of fastest adulticide on market for cats (< 12 hours)
  • topical
  • once a month
28
Q

Imidacloprid (advantage)

A
  • resistance out west and some in FL
  • Good
    • adulticide
    • once a month for dogs and cats
  • Bad
    • removed by water
    • doesn’t repel fleas, no effect on ticks
    • no insect growth regulater
29
Q

Imidacloprid products

A
  1. Advantage II
    • spot on combo with IgR + Nylar (IgR)
    • OTC
  2. Advantix II
    • spot on dogs only
    • combo with permethrin + IgR
    • OTC
  3. Advantage Multi
    • spot-on
    • combo with Moxidectin (HW prevention and demodex tx)
    • no repellent, doesn’t do ticks
    • prescription
    • can use when doing a food trial
  4. Seresto
    • collar
    • combo with flumethrin
30
Q

Imidacloprid in Advantage II

A
  • Chloronicotinyl nitroguanidine insecticide
  • Binds and stimulates insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
  • Good
    • safe for cats and dogs
    • flea adulticide
    • safe, non-teratogenic, non-mutagenic
  • Bad
    • removed by water (immersion/bathing)
    • Doesn’t repel fleas
    • no effect on ticks
31
Q

Imidacloprid in Advantix II

A
  • has 44% permethrin (DOGS ONLY)
  • kills 98-100% fleas w/in 12 hours
  • repels fleas, ticks and mosquitoes
  • somewhat waterproof
  • cheaper alternative OTC for flea allergic pets
32
Q

Imidacloprid in Seresto

A
  • safe for cats
  • don’t need to remove for bathing
  • lasts 8 months
  • repels ticks
  • Kills but doesn’t repel fleas
33
Q

Nitenpyram (Capstar)

A
  • Binds and inhibits nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
  • given PO dogs and cats
  • Safe and fast, doesn’t last more than 1 day, no interactions
  • Useful in clinics, boarding facilities, severe infestations
34
Q

Dinotefuran

A
  • new 3rd gen flea adulticide
  • spec and selective for flea acetylcholine receptors
35
Q

Vectra 3D

A
  • 36% permethrin
  • Good
    • has IGR, adulticide and repellent in 1 product
    • labeled for fleas (all stages) ticks & mosquitos
  • Bad
    • Efficacy dec by bathing, limited frerquency of application q 4 weeks
    • permethrin is toxic to cats, caution owners
36
Q

Insect growth regulators (3 chemicals)

A
  1. Methoprene
  2. Pyriproxifen
  3. Lufenuron
37
Q

Methoprene

A
  • mimics flea juvenile hormone (doesn’t let juvenile fleas progress)
  • Good
    • active against several insects
    • available for on pet and environmental
  • Bad
    • photo-inactivated
    • No adulticide
    • does not repel
  • products
    • Precor
    • Frontlin plus (Merial)

*very cheap, can treat inside of house

38
Q

Pyriproxifen (Nylar)

A
  • Good
    • works for up to 6 months
    • very safe
    • Effects eggs and larva
    • may have delayed flea adulticide activity
    • OTC for use in environment
    • Stable indoors and outdoors (not inactivated by UV light)
  • Products
    • Nylar
    • Vectra 3D
    • Knock out - premises
39
Q

Luferuron

A
  • Chitin synthesis inhibitor
  • Good
    • oral, q 1 month
    • very safe for dogs and cats
  • Bad
    • no adulticide
    • does not repel
    • lag phase: 3 months if used alone for flea control
  • Products: used in combo products
    • must be given with food
    • cats need higher dose
    • prevents flea repro after blood meal
40
Q

Milbemycin

Macrocyclic Lactones

A
  • interrupts axonal nerve transmission
  • combo product
    • sentinel
    • novartis
  • once a month chewable
  • for dogs or cats older than 4 weeks
  • labeled for
    • heartworms
    • hookworms
    • roundworms
    • whipworms
41
Q

Ivermectin

Macrocyclic lactone

A
  • only approved for heartworm prevention (6 microgram/kg)
  • products
    • heartgard plus (Merial): ivermectin + pyrantel
  • D immitis, hookworms, roundworms
  • off label uses
    • demodex
    • sarcoptes
  • no efficacy against fleas or ticks
42
Q

Selamectin (Revolution, Pfizer)

A
  • Top spot, systemically absorbed, 1 X/month
  • Good
    • systemic absorption means bathing ok
    • Broad label claims
      • dogs: ear mites, sarcoptes, heartowrm, dermacentor
      • cats: hookworms, roundworms
  • Bad
    • may have poor efficacy against fleas (clinical opinion)
    • breakthroughs reported for HW prevention
    • no repellant
    • no IGR
43
Q

Moxidectin

Macrocyclic lactone

A
  • Products
    • advantage multi (bayer) with imidacloprid
  • topical product for dogs and cats
  • 1X/month
  • Good
    • flea and heartworm control in one
  • Bad
    • dec efficacy with bathing
    • Ivermectin sensitive breeds
  • also used for demodex
44
Q

Formanidines

Amitraz

A
  • Monoamine oxidase inhibitor
  • topical for K9 demodecosis
  • Toxic to horses and cats
45
Q

Amitraz collar (preventic)

A
  • Dogs only
  • Kills fleas and ticks

*cheap option for hunting dogs

46
Q

Certifect

A
  • Amitraz and fipronil: dogs only
  • Repellent and adulticide
  • fleas and ticks
  • topical
  • once a month
  • works by contact
  • reported cases of PF
47
Q

Summary of axonal parasiticides

A
  1. Permethrin: inc Na+ flux
    • alters stimulatory input
  2. Metflumizone: dec Na+ flux
    • alters stimulatory input
  3. Selamectin: inc GABA gated glutamate channels
    • alters inhibitory input
  4. Fipronil: dec GABA gated chloride channels
    • alters inhibitory input
48
Q

Summary

synaptic parasiticides

A
  1. Cholinesterase inhibitors
    • organophosphates
    • carbamates
  2. Mimic acetylcholine
    • Imidacloprid
    • Nitenpyram
    • Dinotefuran
  3. dec Neurotransmitter degradation (MO inhib)
    • Amitraz
49
Q

General rules for environmental flea control

A
  • should be focused on areas protected from UV light, moist
  • Repeat every 3 weeks at peak of season
  • Combination of adulticide and IGR
50
Q

Environmental flea control

Non chemical approach

A
  • Diatomeaceous earth: physical damage of exoskeleton
  • Beneficial nematodes (L3): eat fleas, harmed by UV and drought, must reapply
  • Borax powder for inside (sodium polyborate)
    • flea dessicant
    • best if professional applied
    • will last 1 year if carpet is not shampooed
51
Q

Activyl vs advantix

A
  • endoxicarb has to be bioactivated, safe for everyone cept fleas
52
Q

Environmental flea control

Chemical products

A
  • Outdoor
    • yard treatment: Virbac
      • Esfenvalerate is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide
      • inexpensive
  • Indoor
    • low % permethrin in Nylar (Knockout treatment)
      • this permethrin is safe for cats, if room has dried
53
Q

Summary

Products with large amounts permethrin

A
  • Dog only products, or dogs that don’t have cat friends!
    • Advantix II (OTC)
    • Effitix (OTC)
    • Activyl plus (Merck, Indoxacarb and permethrin)
    • Vectra 3D (Summit VetPharm)
54
Q

Summary of products with synthetic pyrethroid

A
  • products that can be used on cats, I think
    • Frontline Tritak (diff form for dogs and cats)
    • Seresto collar
    • Scalibor collar: don’t use on cat
55
Q
  • 2 yr old DSH with flea allergy dermatitis
  • Env: multi-cat household inside/outside and several dogs. 5 acre farm.
  • What flea control regimen do you recommend?
A
  • Seresto
  • environment: Knockout inside (no one will drop dead)
  • nematodes for outside
  • IGR: Nylar

Dermatology (22 decks)

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