Lecture: Intro Flashcards
1
Q
Approach to clinical cases
A
- Signalment
- History: Take good notes
- Physical examination
- List of problems and differential diagnoses
- Diagnostic tests
- Therapy
2
Q
History
A
- Onset
- Length of time of disease
- Seasonality
- Relatives
- Zoonosis
3
Q
History of Medications
A
- Antibiotics?
- dose
- duration
- response
- alone or with glucocorticoids
- flea control
- topical therapy
- special diet
- supplements
4
Q
Physical exam
A
- look for primary lesions
- may need to clip area
- Prurities (on a scale of 1-10)
- Look for fleas, flea dirt
5
Q
Primary lesions
A
- Macule
- Papule
- Plaque
- Pustule
- Vesicle
- Bulla
- Nodule
- Wheal
- Tumor
6
Q
Macule
A
- altered skin color, no elevation
7
Q
A
Macules
Can be dark spots as well
8
Q
Papule
A
- Solid raised lesion
- distinct borders
- less than 1 cm in diameter
9
Q
A
- Papule
- raised and itchy
10
Q
Plaque
A
- Elevated lesion with a flattened top greater than 10mm in size
11
Q
A
- Plaque
12
Q
Pustule
A
- Elevations villed with pus
- common in
- bacterial infections
- inflammatory skin diseases
- Follicular vs non follicular
13
Q
DDX for papular/pustular eruption
Follicular
A
- Demodex
- Dermatophytes
- Bacterial: Staphylococcus
14
Q
DDX for papular/pustular eruption
Non follicular
A
- Flea
- Food
- Contact
- Scabies
- Drug eruption
- Dermatomyositis
- Sterile pustular diseases
- Autoimmune
15
Q
A
Papular/pustular eruption
16
Q
Vesicle
A
- Small, clear fluid-filled blister
- less than 1 mm in diameter
- possible causes
- acute contact dermatitis
- some autoimmune skin diseases
17
Q
A
- Vesicle
18
Q
Bulla
A
- Clear fluid-filled blister > 10mm in diameter
- common causes
- burns
- contact dermatitis
- drug reactions
- autoimmune diseases
19
Q
Nodule
A
- Firm lesions that extend into the dermis or subcutaneous tissue
20
Q
A
- Nodule
21
Q
Tumor
A
- Swelling or enlargement
- Usually, not always neoplastic
22
Q
A
- Tumor
23
Q
Wheal (Hive)
A
- Sharply circumscribed skin elevation from superficial dermis edema
- typical of allergic reactions
- illustrates diascopy: lesion disappears when you press on it
24
Q
Secondary lesions
A
- epidermal collarettes
- scale
- crust
- scar
- ulcer
- excoriation
- lichenification
- hyperpigmentation
- hyperkeratosis
25
Epidermal collarettes
* Secondary lesions developed from previous pustules
26
Epidermal collarette
27
Scale
* Flake of abnormal or compacted epithelial cells
28
Crust
* Dried exudate (scab)
* leukocytes
* bacteria (common)
29
Scar
* Fibrotic area resulting from healing of a wound or lesion (deep to dermis, I think)
* Typically associated with
* alopecia
* depigmentation
* thinner dermis
30
Ulcer
* Loss of substance on a cutaneous surface exposing inner layers or tissues
* May imply full thickness loss of epidermis
31
* ulcer
32
Excoriations
* Superficial erosion (doesn't get deep to dermis)
* usually implies scratching or abrasion
33
Lichenification
* Thickening of skin
* secondary to trauma/inflammation
* indicated chronicity
* can be accompanied by hyperpigmentation
34
Lichenification
35
Hyperpigmentation
* Increased pigmentation
* commonly associated wtih lichenification
36
Hyperkeratosis
* Thickening of stratum corneum due to increased number of keratinized cells
* Typically occurs in footpads
37
Depigmentation
* Loss of pigmentation
* typical of inflammatory/neoplastic processes affecting the basement membrane
38
Salivary staining
39
Skin scraping
* Superficial
* Deep
40
Direct microscopic exam
* Useful to detect arthrospores
41
Cytology
* Useful to dx secondary infections
* skin
* tape
* swab
* ear
* swab
* Fine needle aspirates of masses
42
Malassezia does not respond to
steroids
