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Nutrition and Physical Performance > Lecture G > Flashcards

Lecture G Flashcards

1
Q

T/F

Energy from fat only available aerobically

A

T

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2
Q

Typical male has ?% fat

A

15-20

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3
Q

Athlete have ?% fat

A

3-5%

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4
Q

Typical female have what percentage fat

A

25-33%

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5
Q

Athlete female have ?% fat

A

7-10% fat

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6
Q

T/F

> 90%. Of fat in body is in TAG form

A

T

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7
Q

Lipolysis is breakdown of

A

TAG

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8
Q

In fed state lipolysis

A

Decreases

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9
Q

During exercise lipolysis

A

Increases

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10
Q

Hormone sensitive lipase is controlled primarily

A

Via phosphorylation /dephosphorylation

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11
Q

T/F

At rest HSL is unphosphorylated/inactive

A

T

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12
Q

Lipids in adipocytes are surrounded by

A

Perilipins

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13
Q

Perilipins inhibit

A

Lipolysis

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14
Q

Phosphorylation of HSL and perilipins

A

Increase activation of HSL

Prevent perilipin inhibition of lipolysis

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15
Q

Lipolysis regulated by how many hormones and how many NT?

A

Regulated by 1 hormone and 2 NT

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16
Q

NTs that regulate lipolysis

A

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

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17
Q

Hormone that regulate lipolysis

A

Insulin

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18
Q

Functions of epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Binds to B adrenergic receptor on fat cells and activates lipolysis

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19
Q

Function of insulin on lipolysis

A

Binds to insulin receptor
Increases glucose transport into fat cells
Activates enzymes that decrease lipolysis

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20
Q

What determines Fat mobilization

A

Balance between b-adrenergic and alpha 2 adrenergic catecholamine binding

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21
Q

T/F

–balance between β-adrenergic and alpha 2 adrenergic catecholamine binding is altered in obese individuals

A

T

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22
Q

Growth hormone secreted from

A

Anterior pituitary

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23
Q

Cortisol is secreted from

A

Adrenal cortex

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24
Q

GH and cortisol are secreted in response to

A

Exercise and stress

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25
Q

GH and cortisol may interfere with ability of insulin to

A

Inhibit lipolysis

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26
Q

Function of Adenosine

A

Activates the inhibitory G protein

Thus inhibits lipolysis

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27
Q

Function of Estrogen

A

Very moderate inhibition of lipolysis

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28
Q

Key regulatory mechanism in lipolysis

A

Phosphorylation of HSL

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29
Q

T/F

There is no perilipin in skeletal muscle

A

T

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30
Q

Fate of fA and glycerol,

A

Formation of fatty acyl CoA
Formation of Glycerol 3-phosphate
Triacylglycerol synthesis

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31
Q

TAG synthesis

A

3 Fatty acyl CoA + 1 glycerol-3-p

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32
Q

Esterification

A

Alcohol + acid —> Ester

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33
Q

During exercise esterification

A

Decreases

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34
Q

During exercise lipolysis

A

Increases

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35
Q

During exercise lipolysis increases results in

A

Increased FFA in blood

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36
Q

What is the primary source of blood FA used for energy by tissue including skeletal muscle

A

Adipose tissue

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37
Q

Carrier protein for transferring FFA from adipose tissue to muscle

A

Albumin

38
Q

Major site of LCFA oxidation

A

Skeletal muscle

39
Q

Sourced of FA

A

Albumin bound FFA

Hydrolysis of VLDL

40
Q

Capillaries in skeletal muscle have ——-to release FA from the lipoprotein

A

Lipoprotein lipase

41
Q

FA must get into —-and —–for beta oxidation to occur

A

Muscle fiber

Mitochondrial matrix

42
Q

Beta oxidation

A

Breakdown of FA 2C by 2C to generate acetyl CoA

43
Q

In skeletal muscle there are 2 FA binding protein

A

FABPpm (FA binding protein , plasma membrane

FAT/CD36 ( FA translocase )

44
Q

High fat diets induce which FA binding protein

A

Both binding proteins

45
Q

Endurance training induces which binding protein

A

FABPpm only in males

46
Q

Mitochondrial inner membrane impermeable to

A

CoA

47
Q

Only FA attached to —– can cross membrane to enter matrix

A

Carnitine

48
Q

Carnitine deficiency

A

Muscle weakness
Poor exercise tolerance
Inability to oxidize FA for energy

49
Q

supplementation: does carnitine improve endurance by improving ability to
oxidize fatty acids? (does it spare glycogen?)

A

No probably not

50
Q

Beta oxidation happens in

A

Mitochondrial matrix

51
Q

What happens in beta, oxidation

A

Repeated cycles of 4 steps, removing 2 carbons at a time until all carbons are acetyl CoA

52
Q

Oxidation of unsaturated fattyacid

18:1

A

Oleic

53
Q

Oxidation of unsaturated fattyacid

18:2

A

Linoleic

54
Q

Oxidation of unsaturated fattyacid

18:3 (n6)

A

Gamma linoleic

55
Q

Oxidation of unsaturated fattyacid

18:3 (n3)

A

Alpha linoleic

56
Q

Oxidation of unsaturated fattyacid

20:4 (n6)

A

Arachidonic

57
Q

Usually PUFA have double bonds

A

Between C9 and C10

58
Q

Formation of ketone bodies is due to

A

Accumulation of acetyl CoA

59
Q

Increased ketone body formation occurs when

A

Fatty acyl CoA transport into liver mitochondria accelerated
Beta-oxidation increased
Generation of acetyl CoA exceeds capacity of citric acid cycle to oxidize it

60
Q

T/F

Skeletal muscle, heart and brain can use ketone bodies for energy

A

T

61
Q

T/F

Typically brain is glucose only, but under severe conditions, brain can use 3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate

A

T

62
Q

Acetyl CoA oxidized in

A

TCA cycle

63
Q

Sources of lipid used to fuel exercise

A
  1. adipose stores
  2. Intramuscular triacylglycerol
  3. Fatty acids from VLDL
64
Q

Exercise effect on esterification

A

Decreased esterification so more FA released to blood

65
Q

Blood levels of FFA

A

initially increases UPTAKE of FFA by exercising muscles, so FFA in blood fall
–Adipose tissue lipolysis eventually increases, releasing more FFA into blood,
until it’s release exceeds rate of uptake, and FFA INCREASE

66
Q

T/F

During intense exercise, rate of lipolysis reduced

A

T

Pay attention : INTENSE

67
Q

During intense exercise, rate of lipolysis reduced why?

A

Unclear
Maybe due to lactate accumulation, lactate increases esterification

Reduced blood flow to adipose tissue ( due to increased blood flow to working muscles)

68
Q

Lactate—–esterification

A

Increases

69
Q

Is Fat better fuel for exercising muscle or CHO?

A

CHO

70
Q

Why CHO is better fuel for exercising muscles ?

A
  1. can generate acetyl CoA for CAC at much higher rate than FA from TAG
  2. more ATP per unit of oxygen
  3. CHO can generate ATP in absence of oxygen
71
Q

T/F

CHO can generate acetyl CoA for CAC at much higher rate than FA from TAG

A

T

72
Q

T/F

Fat gives more ATP per unit of oxygen

A

F

CHO gives more ATP per unit of oxygen

73
Q

T/F

CHO can generate ATP only in presence of oxygen

A

F

CHO can generate ATP in absence of oxygen

74
Q

T/F

Resting muscle uses fat as its primary fuel

A

T

75
Q

T/F

When CHO oxidation increases, fat oxidation decreases

A

T

76
Q

CHO used as precursor for FA synthesis via

A

Melonyl CoA

77
Q

Glucose to pyruvate

A

Glycolysis

78
Q

Pyruvate to acetyl CoA

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase

79
Q

Acetyl CoA combines with OAA to form

A

Citrate

80
Q

T/F

In well-nourished, RER increases as exercise intensity increases

A

T

81
Q

Crossover point

A

exercise intensity beyond which energy produced by CHO oxidation exceeds lipid:

82
Q

Any exercise beyond crossover point reply more and more on

A

CHO

83
Q

Beyond 90% VO2 max, essentially entirely

A

CHO

84
Q

T?F

high fat diet alters metabolism during exercise

A

T

85
Q

Metabolic differences between MCT and LCFA:

A

no TAG synthesis
no packaging in chylomicrons
directly from gut into blood
enter cells and into mitochondria without carnitine transport
MCT oxidation not depressed by CHO through malonyl CoA mechanism

86
Q

does MCT spare muscle glycogen or blood glucose use

A

No

87
Q

If during prolonged, submaximal exercise, no glucose ingested:
What happens to level of glucose and RER

A

RER will decline

After 1 hr , blood glucose declines

88
Q

If glucose consumed during prolonged exercise, what happens to level of glucose and RER

A 
Blood glucose better maintained, 
RER decline attenuated 
Increase insulin levels 
Decrease FFA level
Increase in CHO oxidation 
CHO promotes its own oxidation at expense of fat
89
Q

T/F

Training increase fat oxidation and decrease CHO oxidation

A

T

90
Q

T/F

Training increases IMTG and the ability to oxidize IMTG

A

T

91
Q

T/F

Trained muscles have higher LPL activity (increased ability to use VLDL

A

T

92
Q

T/F
Overweight/obese individuals: reduced ability to release and oxidize
FFA during exercise

A

T
decreased sensitivity
catecholamines? Like insulin resistance?)

Nutrition and Physical Performance (17 decks)

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