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Nutrition and Physical Performance > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle strength is determined by?

A
  1. Cross sectional area

2. Coordinated activation of muscle cells

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2
Q

What are Primary tissue types?

A
  • muscle
  • Nervous
  • Connective
  • Epithelial
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3
Q

types of muscles

A

Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal

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4
Q

Where do you find smooth muscles ?

A

Arteries
Gut
Bladder

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5
Q

Skeletal Muscle is

Smooth or striated?

A

Striated

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6
Q

what is the name of the connective tissue surrounding Skeletal Muscles?

A

fascia or perimysium

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7
Q

What is the smallest compartment of skeletal muscle called ?

A

Fasciculus which contains a number of muscle fibers

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8
Q

Which heals faster ?

Tendon or muscle

A

Muscles

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9
Q

Muscle fibers are in what orientation to each other ?

A

parallel

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10
Q

Blood vessels location in a muscle

A

Blood vessels are wrapped in CT and are generally paralleled to fibers

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11
Q

Capillaries location in muscle

A

Run between fibers

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12
Q

Which type of contraction can limit blood flow?

Dynamic or Isometric

A

Isometric

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13
Q

What is the muscular NT

A

Acetylcholine

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14
Q

Muscle cell fibers contain

A

Nuclei
Mitochondria
Myoglobin
Myofibrills

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15
Q

Muscle color is due to

A

Myoglobin

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16
Q

Myoglobin is a

A

Respiratory Pigment

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17
Q

Myofibrils are surrounded by

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

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18
Q

Smallest contractile unit of a muscle fiber

A

Sarcomere

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19
Q

Myofibril is a chain of

A

Sarcomeres laid end to end

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20
Q

The sarcomere has ——that keep contractile and regulatory proteins in the correct arrangement

A

Proteins

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21
Q

Muscle fiber filled with

A

Sarcoplasm

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22
Q

Striated appearance is due to

A

Cross banding of myofibrils

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23
Q

A band is

A

Dark

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24
Q

I band is

A

Light

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25
Q

Name proteins that are involved in force transmission to the enomysium

A 
Actin
Alpha-actin
Vinculin
Talin
Dystrophin
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26
Q

Actomysin helps in

A

Muscle shortening

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27
Q

Mechanism of muscle contraction

A

Nerve impulse excitation, which releases calcium ( from SR) into the sarcoplasm and causes contraction of the filament array

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28
Q

Each thick filaments in the muscle fibers has ——myosin molecules

A

~200

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29
Q

Mechanism of contraction

A

Sarcomeres shorten
H zone disappears
Distance reduced between successive z lines
Filaments maintain their length ( do not shorten)
Thin filaments slide past thick, thus increasing their overlap

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30
Q

How many sarcomeres per cm of muscle fiber

A

~4000

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31
Q

Contraction speed depends on

A
  1. Rate of myosin heads attaching, rotating and detaching

2. Muscle length

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32
Q

Slow isoform

A

Type I

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33
Q

Fast Isoform

A

Type II

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34
Q

Isometric force is related to

A

Sarcomere length

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35
Q

Force is inversely related to

A

velocity of shortening

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36
Q

What is a power stroke?

A

When activated myosin heads now bind to the actin as the myosin head changes shape to bent, which causes the head to pull on the thin filaments

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37
Q

ADP and P are released from

A

Myosin heads

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38
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

group of muscle fibers that are functionally united

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39
Q

Small motor units are for

A

Finely controlled muscles

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40
Q

Larger motor units are for

A

Coarse movement

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41
Q

Contraction force depends on

A
  1. # of motor units simultaneously activated

2. Cross sectional area of the muscles

42
Q

What is major difference in fiber types ?

A

speed of contraction

43
Q

Slow twitch

Speed of contraction

A

Type I 80-100 ms

44
Q

Fast Twitch

Speed of contraction

A

Type II

40 ms

45
Q

Types of fibers

A 
Type I ( red , Fatigue resistant)
II a ( red,Fatigue resistant )
II X ( White , fatiguable)
46
Q

Does fiber type IIx have more contracting power or type I

A

Type IIx has 3X greater contracting power

47
Q

Type IIx has more or fewer mitochondria ?

A

Fewer

48
Q

Type IIx has more or less capillary supply?

A

Less or poorer

49
Q

Type IIx has —–stores of glycogen and phosphocreatine

A

Larger

50
Q

Type IIx fibers have

A

High activity of glycogenolytic and glycolytic enzymes

51
Q

Type IIx fibers in terms of contraction?

A

Powerful contractions for brief periods

52
Q

These kind of fibers have fast acting ATPases

A

II a and IIx

53
Q

These kinds of fibers have oxidative capacity

A

IIa and type I

54
Q

What type of neurons in type I fiber?

A

Small diameter
Slow conduction velocity
Low activation threshold

55
Q

What type of neurons in Type II fibers

A

Large diameter
Fast conducting velocity
Higher activation threshold

56
Q

Large motor units have what type of fibers

A

Fast

57
Q

Small motor units have what type of fiber

A

Slow

58
Q

Small/slow Motor units are used for

A

Posture/balance

59
Q

Fast motor units are used for

A

Jumping/lifting/throwing/sprinting

60
Q

In old age humans this type of fiber atrophy quicker

A

Type II

61
Q

How does training affect the proportions of fiber types

A

Doesn’t significantly affect it buy

Can affect the diameter specially type II

62
Q

3 types of muscle contractions

A
  • isometric
  • Eccentric
  • Concentric
63
Q

High force eccentric contraction is also called

A

Delayed onset muscle soreness

64
Q

Reasons for DOMS

A

Small # of fibers activated
Type II fibers may be selectively recruited ?
High load on few fibers–> ruptures of the fibers

65
Q

Skeletal muscle adaptability to strength training

A

Hypertrophic response

Muscle gets bigger

66
Q

Hypertrophic responses cause

A

Greater power

Greater anaerobic capacity

67
Q

Gradual hypertrophy occurs because of

A

Increased fiber diameter NOT increased fiber number

68
Q

Does proportion of different fiber types change in hypertrophy?

A

NOOOOO

69
Q

The —–content of tissues give them their shape

A

Protein

70
Q

Enzyme content determines

A

Function

71
Q

Amount of enzyme determines

A

Speed of enzyme process

72
Q

Side chains give proteins their

A

Special structure @ physiological pH

73
Q

Most abundant AA in muscles

A

Branched-chain AA

20%

74
Q

What is the most abundant free AA in muscle and plasma

A

Glutamine

75
Q

Protein structure classification

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary- 3D shape
Quaternery

76
Q

Major protein storage in body

A

No major storage other than skeletal muscle

77
Q

What happens to excess protein

A

Excess protein is oxidized and N excreted

78
Q

Strength training induce anabolism or catabolism

A

Anabolism

79
Q

Does endurance training induce anabolism

A

NO

80
Q

3 main purpose of protein breakdown

A
  • Degrades damaged proteins
  • Provides energy
  • AAs can be reused for synthesis of proteins and non proteins like glucose, ketones and fat
81
Q

Well trained athletes have —- post exercise turn over

Less or More?

A

Less

82
Q

Anabolic hormones

A 
Growth hormone 
Insulin
Testosterone 
Triiodothyronine
Glucagon
83
Q

This hormone antagonizes actions of insulin

A

Growth hormone

84
Q

This hormone induces liver to release somatomedins

A

Growth hormone

85
Q

Growth hormone is most effective in stimulating

A

Collagen synthesis (CT)

86
Q

This hormone causes growth in bones of face, hands, feet & predisposition to diabetes

A

Growth hormone

87
Q

Growth hormone is not optimally effective for

A

Muscle growth

88
Q

Insulin stimulates —–synthesis

A

Protein

89
Q

Health risk of testosterone

A

Cardiovascular dz

Liver cancer

90
Q

Unit of enzyme activity measurement

A

International Unit: IU

91
Q

What is IU:

A

The amount of enzyme to convert one micromole of substrate to product in one minute under specified conditions

92
Q

SI unit for IU

A

Katal (Kat)

93
Q

What is 1kat

A

The amount of enzyme that will convert 1 mole of substrate to product in 1 sec ( in optimum conditions )

94
Q

Optimal temp for enzyme activity

A

25-37

95
Q

Warmer muscles have higher

A

Reaction rates thus better muscle performance

96
Q

What metal ions are essential for enzyme activation

A

Ca
Mg
Zn

97
Q

Allosteric Modulation

A

Reversible binding of small molecules to the enzyme at sites other than active sites-producing a conformation change in the structure of the enzyme molecule.

98
Q

Risks of taking more than needed protein >3g/day

A

Kidney damage

Increased serum lipoprotein levels (arteriosclerosis risk)

Dehydration

99
Q

95% of creatine in the body is in

A

Skeletal muscle

2/3 is phosphocreatine

100
Q

Liver and kidney can synthesize creatine from

A

Methionine
Arginine
Glycine

101
Q

Risks of consuming testosterone

A 
Decrease in HDL
Acne
Inappropriate hair growth
Prostate enlargement 
Poor testicular function 
Liver damage
102
Q

Other performance enhancing drugs

A

Caffeine
Ephedrine
Pseudoephedrine
Beta agonist—stimulate effects of catecholamine hormones . Fight or flight

Nutrition and Physical Performance (17 decks)

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