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Bio 40B > Lecture Exam 3 - Respiratory System Study Guide > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 3 - Respiratory System Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Respiratory System Anatomy –

What are the components of the upper respiratory system?

A

nose, pharynx and associated structures.

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2
Q

Respiratory System Anatomy –

What are the components of the lower respiratory system?

A

larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.

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3
Q

Functional Divisions of the Respiratory System –

What are the components of the conducting zone?

A

cavities and tubes: nose, pharynx, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchiles

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4
Q

Functional Divisions of the Respiratory System –

What are the components of the respiratory zone?

A

gas exchange with
blood; respiratory bronchioles, alveolar
ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli.

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5
Q

Medical Specialties –

What does an otorhinolaryngologist do?

A

ear, nose and throat (ENT) specialist.

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6
Q

Medical Specialties –

What does a pulmonologist do?

A

specializes in diagnosis and treatment of lung diseases.

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7
Q

Nose –

What are the components of the external nose?

A

bone and cartilage framework

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8
Q

Nose –

Name three functions of the internal nose.

A

a) Warms, moistens and filters external air.

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9
Q

Pharynx (throat) –

What are the 3 anatomical regions of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx –
pseudostratified ciliated epithelium - lots of mucous cells.

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx –
- non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

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10
Q

Pharynx (throat) –

What type of epithelia line these regions and how does the structure of these epithelia relate to their function?

A

Nasopharynx - pseudostratified ciliated epithelium - lots of mucous cells.

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx
- non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

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11
Q

Larynx –

How many different cartilages are in the walls of the larynx? What are they called?

A

Wall composed of 9 pieces of cartilage.

3 single cartilages (thyroid, epiglottis and cricoid)

3 paired cartilages (arytenoid, cuneiform and corniculate)

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12
Q

Larynx –

Which laryngeal cartilage influences the position and tension of the vocal cords?

A

Arytenoid cartilage influences changes in position and tension of vocal cords.

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13
Q

Larynx –

Which laryngeal cartilage is often called the “Adam’s apple”?

A

Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple) - larger in males due to influence of sex hormones. Connected via a ligament to the hyoid bone.

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14
Q

Larynx –

Which laryngeal cartilage is connected to the hyoid bone?

A

Thyroid cartilage

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15
Q

Larynx –

Which laryngeal cartilage is involved in swallowing?

A

Epiglottis - elastic cartilage covered with epithelium - involved in swallowing.

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16
Q

Larynx –

What increases risk of laryngeal cancer?

A

Cancer of the larynx - occurs in individuals
who smoke. Hoarseness, pain on
swallowing, pain radiating to ear.

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17
Q

Larynx –

What is laryngitis?

A

inflammation of the larynx.

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18
Q

Voice Production –

What and where are the ventricular folds and the vocal folds?

A

Mucous membrane of larynx forms 2 pairs of folds.

1) Ventricular folds or false vocal cords. – Allow breath-holding when brought together.
2) Vocal folds - true vocal cords – Elastic ligaments stretch between rigid cartilage structures and laryngeal muscles that connect the cartilage to the vocal cords. When laryngeal muscles contract, vocal folds are stretched and vibrate to produce sound.

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19
Q

Voice Production –

What enables the vocal cords to vibrate and produce sound?

A

When laryngeal muscles contract, vocal folds are stretched and vibrate to produce sound.

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20
Q

Voice Production –

What will cause a louder sound?

A

Greater pressure of air

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21
Q

Voice Production –

What controls pitch?

A

tension on vocal cords

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22
Q

Voice Production –

Why do men have deeper voices than women?

A

Vocal cords are thicker and longer in males

- therefore pitch is lower.

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23
Q

Voice Production –

What other structures are involved in voice production?

A

Pharynx, mouth, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses act as resonating chambers.

Muscles of face, lips and tongue help in enunciation.

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24
Q

Voice Production –

What is the name and role of the last tracheal cartilage ridge present before entering the bronchi?

A

Last tracheal cartilage forms ridge called the

carina - cough reflex triggered here.

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25
Q

Trachea (windpipe) –

What are the 4 layers of the tracheal wall?

A

Layers of the tracheal wall:

1) Mucosa - pseudostratified ciliated epithelia + CT lamina of elastic and reticular fibers.
2) Submucosa - CT containing seromucous glands.
3) Hyaline cartilage- arranged in C-shaped stacks.
4) Adventitia of areolar CT joining trachea with other tissues.

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26
Q

Trachea (windpipe) –

What are the functions of each of these layers?

A

Layers of the tracheal wall:
1) Mucosa - pseudostratified ciliated epithelia + CT lamina of elastic and reticular fibers.
2) Submucosa - CT containing seromucous glands.
3) Hyaline cartilage- arranged in C-shaped stacks.
4) Adventitia of areolar CT joining trachea with
other tissues.

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27
Q

Trachea (windpipe) –

What is a tracheotomy?

A

Hole placed in trachea.

Patient breathes through a plastic or metal tube.

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28
Q

Bronchial tree –

What are the components of the bronchial tree?

A

Trachea divides into primary bronchi that go to lungs.

Primary bronchi divide into secondary and tertiary bronchi. These divide into bronchioles which end at terminal bronchioles.

This whole network called the bronchial tree.

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29
Q

Bronchial tree –
How does the epithelial lining change as you progress through the bronchial tree and how do these changes relate to function?

A

Trachea, 1o and 2o bronchi - pseudostratified,
ciliated columnar epithelia.

Bronchioles - simple columnar epithelia, fewer goblet cells.

Smaller bronchioles - ciliated, simple cuboidal epithelia.

Alveoli - simple squamous epithelia.

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30
Q

Bronchial tree –
How do the cartilage and muscle layers change as you progress through the bronchial tree and how do these changes relate to function?

A

Amount of cartilage decreases.

Amount of smooth muscle increases.

Without support of cartilage, muscle spasms can close airways - asthma.

31
Q

Bronchial tree –

What controls smooth muscle contraction in the bronchial tree?

A

Under control of ANS.

Sympathetic NS causes relaxation.

Parasympathetic NS causes contraction.

Mediators of allergic reactions e.g. histamine,
cause contraction and constriction of airways.

β- agonists cause relaxation.

32
Q

Bronchial tree –

How does allergy influence smooth muscle contraction in the bronchial tree?

A

Mediators of allergic reactions e.g. histamine,

cause contraction and constriction of airways.

33
Q

Lungs –

If one lung collapses can the other function?

A

Yes

34
Q

Lungs –

Where is the pleural membrane? How many layers does it have and what lies between?

A

The pleural membrane is the membrane protecting the lungs.

Divided into 2 layers:

  • Outer parietal pleura
  • Inner visceral pleura

Space in between is called pleural cavity and is filled with lubricating fluid.

35
Q

Lungs –

What is pleuritis?

A

inflammation of the pleural cavity

36
Q

Respiratory Zone of Lungs –
Describe the structure of the respiratory zone including the blood supply and the cell-types present. What is the function of each of these cell types?

A

Respiratory zone - gas exchange with
blood; respiratory bronchioles, alveolar
ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli.

Alveoli -
Lined with simple squamous epithelium supported by a
very thin elastic basement membrane.

2 types of epithelial cells:

Type I alveolar cells - simple squamous epithelial cells

37
Q

Respiratory Zone of Lungs –

What is alveolar fluid? What does it contain and what cells secrete it?

A

Type II alveolar cells (septal cells) - rounded cuboidal
epithelium with microvilli - secrete alveolar fluid.

Contains a surfactant - mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins.

Lowers surface tension of alveolar fluid and reduces tendency of alveoli to collapse.

38
Q

Respiratory Zone of Lungs –

What are the components of the respiratory membrane?

A

Alveolar wall and capillaries supplying them called alveolar membrane:

Consists of:
Epithelial cells of alveoli
Elastic basement membrane of alveoli
Capillary basement membrane
Endothelial cells of capillaries
39
Q

Respiratory Zone of Lungs –

What is ventilation perfusion coupling?

A

Pulmonary vessels constrict in response to hypoxia (low O2). This pushes blood to better ventilated areas. Process called ventilation perfusion coupling.

This is opposite to most arteries that dilate in response to hypoxia to increase blood flow.

40
Q

Respiratory Zone of Lungs –
Explain the difference between pulmonary respiration, external respiration and internal
respiration.

A

Pulmonary respiration (breathing) - movement of air between atmosphere and lungs that occurs when we inhale and exhale.

External respiration - movement of oxygen from alveoli into blood (via capillaries) and carbon dioxide from blood (via capillaries) into alveoli.

Internal respiration - movement of oxygen from capillaries into tissues and cells and carbon dioxide from tissues and cells into capillaries.

41
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation –

What does Boyle’s Law state?

A

Pressure of gas in a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container.

42
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation –

If you compress a volume of 1 liter of air to 0.5 liters, how will the pressure change?

A

The pressure will double

43
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation –

How does pressure in the alveolar and intrapleural cavities change during inhalation and exhalation?

A

From air to move into lungs there has to be a pressure difference.

Air will move from high pressure to low pressure.

Body creates the pressure difference by increasing lung volume.

  • when the volume of the lungs increases, the pressure of the air decreases so air moves in (inhalation).
  • when lung volume decrease, pressure of air increases so air flows out (exhalation).
44
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation –

What is the cause of respiratory distress syndrome in premature babies?

A

Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Occurs in premature newborns due to lack of surfactant.

Surfactant prevents collapse of lungs during exhalation.

45
Q

Compliance of Lungs –

What is lung compliance?

A

amount of effort required to stretch lungs and chest wall.

46
Q

Compliance of Lungs –

What does high compliance mean?

A

lungs expand easily.

47
Q

Compliance of Lungs –

What does low compliance mean?

A

a lot of effort needed for expansion.

48
Q

Compliance of Lungs –

Name some conditions that can result in low compliance.

A

Low compliance may be result of scar tissue, fluid accumulation, deficiency of surfactant, deficiency of muscle, emphysema (a condition in which alveolar walls damaged).

49
Q

Airway Resistance –

What is airway resistance?

A

Any condition that narrows airways increases airway resistance.

Occurs in asthma, emphysema, bronchitis.

50
Q

Airway Resistance –

Name some conditions in which airway resistance occurs.

A

asthma, emphysema, bronchitis.

51
Q

Lung Volumes and Capacities –

Define the following: Tidal volume

A

Tidal volume VT - volume of one breath.

52
Q

Lung Volumes and Capacities –

Define the following: minute volume

A 
Minute ventilation (MV) - total volume of air
inhaled each minute.
53
Q

Lung Volumes and Capacities –

Define the following: respiratory rate

A

Respiratory rate - no. of breaths/min.

- approx. 12 in average healthy adult.

54
Q

Lung Volumes and Capacities –

Define the following: inspiratory reserve volume

A

Inspiratory reserve volume - amount of air above tidal volume (amount/breath) that can be inhaled.

55
Q

Lung Volumes and Capacities –

Define the following: expiratory reserve volume

A

Expiratory reserve volume - amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled.

56
Q

Lung Volumes and Capacities –

Define the following: residual lung volume.

A

Residual volume- amount of air that remains in lungs

57
Q

Lung Volumes and Capacities –

How does minute volume relate to tidal volume and respiratory rate?

A

MV= respiratory rate X tidal volume.

58
Q

Gas Exchange –

What is stated by Dalton’s Law?

A

Dalton’s Law - each gas in a mixture exerts a pressure as if no other gases present.

59
Q

Gas Exchange –

What is the partial pressure of a gas?

A

Pressure of a specific gas in a mixture is called its partial pressure (Px)

60
Q

Gas Exchange –

What is stated by Henry’s Law?

A

Quantity of a gas in a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure and solubility.

Think of carbonated drinks - these are bottled under high pressure so that more carbon dioxide can be dissolved.
When you open bottle, returns to atmospheric pressure and gas exits solution.

61
Q

Gas Exchange –
In divers, two conditions can occur if care is not taken; nitrogen narcosis and decompression sickness. Explain the reason for these problems.

A

Nitrogen Narcosis –
Air contains 79% nitrogen but not very soluble at atmospheric pressure so very little in blood.

When a scuba diver breathes air at high pressure, the partial pressure of the nitrogen is higher than at sea level - therefore (by Henry’s Law) more is soluble in the blood and other body fluids.

The excess nitrogen causes giddiness and disorientation

Decompression Sickness (the Bends) --
If a diver comes to the surface slowly the excess dissolve nitrogen is eliminated gradually.

If ascent is fast, nitrogen comes out of solution too quickly and forms bubbles in tissues.

Symptoms result from bubbles in nervous tissue - joint pain, dizziness, shortness of breath, fatigue, paralysis and even unconciousness.

62
Q

Oxygen Transport –

How is oxygen transported in the blood?

A

Oxygen doesn’t dissolve in blood easily
(20.9% of gas in blood is oxygen).

  • only about 1.5% of inhaled oxygen is dissolved in blood.
  • 98.5% bound to hemoglobin, on the heme
63
Q

Oxygen Transport –

What is shown on an oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

PO2 determines how much oxygen binds to
hemoglobin (Hb).

High PO2 - more oxygen bound to Hb

When all the reduced HB is converted to oxy-hemoglobin (Hb-O2) - fully saturated.

When some Hb and some Hb-O2 present - called partially saturated.

Can be illustrated in an oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve.

64
Q

Oxygen Transport –

How do pH, carbon dioxide partial pressure and temperature influence hemoglobin saturation?

A

pH => higher pH = higher saturation
Temperature => lower temperature = higher saturation
Carbon dioxide partial pressure => lower partial pressure = higher saturation

65
Q

Oxygen Transport –

To what part of hemoglobin does oxygen bind?

A

the non-protein heme, on the the iron ion (Fe2+)

66
Q

Carbon Dioxide Transport –

Name 3 ways in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?

A

Carbn dioxide transported in blood in 3 ways:

1) Dissolved (about 7%)
2) As carbonated compounds (23%) - the carbon dioxide is combined with amino groups on amino acids - mostly the globin portion of Hb.
3) As bicarbonate ions (70%) - carbon dioxide dissociates in solution to form hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions.

67
Q

Carbon Dioxide Transport –

What % of the total transported carbon dioxide travels by each of these methods?

A

1) Dissolved (about 7%)
2) As carbonated compounds (23%)
3) As bicarbonate ions (70%)

68
Q

Respiratory Center in the Brain –

Where in the brain is respiration controlled?

A

Dispersed through brain stem ( unlike localized cardiovascular center).

3 areas:

1) Medullary rhythmicity center in medulla oblongata.
2) Pneumotaxic area in pons
3) Apneustic area in pons

69
Q

Respiratory Center in the Brain –

Name 3 specific areas of the respiratory center and state their major function.

A

Medullary rhythmicity area - controls rhythm of respiration. Contains specific inspiration and expiration areas. Turns off inspiration before lungs become too full of air.

Pneumotaxic area - co-ordinates transition between inpiration and expiration.

Apneustic area - sends stimulatory impulses to inspiration area - results in long, deep breaths.

70
Q

Respiratory Center in the Brain –

How is the respiratory center regulated? Where are the chemoreceptors located?

A

Regulated by Cerebral Cortex and Chemoreceptors

Central chemoreceptors located in or near medulla oblongata.

Peripheral chemoreceptors located in multiple areas.

Sensory information carried by cranial nerves IX -glossopharangeal and X - vagus.

71
Q

Exercise –

What is pulmonary perfusion?

A

blood flow to lungs

72
Q

Exercise –

What is meant by the term oxygen diffusion capacity? How is this influenced by exercise?

A

Oxygen diffusion capacity - rate at which oxygen can diffuse from alveoli to blood - may increase as much as 3 X during exercise.

73
Q

Smoking –

State 5 different ways that smoking has a deleterious influence on the respiratory system

A

1) Nicotine constricts terminal bronchioles.
2) Carbon monoxide in smoke binds to Hb and reduces oxygen carrying capacity.
3) Irritants in smoke cause increased mucous production.
4) Irritants in smoke inhibit movement of cilia and hence filtering capacity.
5) Destroys elastic fibers in lung - leading to emphysema (destruction of alveolar walls).

Bio 40B (12 decks)

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