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Bio 40B > Lecture Exam 1 - Chapter 14 Study Guide > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 1 - Chapter 14 Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the major parts of the brain?

A

The brain stem (medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain).
The cerebellum
The diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus).
The cerebrum - largest part of human brain.

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2
Q

What are the roles of the skull, cranial meninges, CSF and blood-brain barrier?

A

Protect the brain –

CSF Function:
– mechanical protection
• floats brain & softens impact with bony walls
– chemical protection
• optimal ionic concentrations for action
potentials
– circulation
• nutrients and waste products to and from
bloodstream

Blood-brain barrier function:
– protects cells from some toxins and pathogens
– blocks proteins & antibiotics but not alcohol & anesthetics

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3
Q

How is CSF formed and circulated?

A

Formed in membrane-like networks of
capillaries in the walls of the ventricles
called choroid plexuses.
Choroid plexuses are lined with ependymal
cells that form CSF by filtration of blood
plasma.

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4
Q

What is the structure of the blood-brain barrier?

A

Blood brain barrier: formed by tight junctions sealing

together the endothelial cells of capillaries and a barrier formed by the neuroglial cells called astrocytes.

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5
Q

What does the term hydrocephalus mean?

A

Interference in drainage of CSF and associated
increase in CSF pressure results in a condition
called hydrocephalus.
May be caused by tumors, inflammation (e.g. in
meningitis) or developmental malformations.
Sometimes CSF builds up and bulges through
fontanels of immature skull of a baby. The fluid
can be drained to prevent nerve damage.

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6
Q

What are the 3 components of the brain stem?

A

Medulla Oblongata
Pons
Midbrain

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7
Q

How are the 3 components of the brain stem arranged with respect to each other?

A

Most inferior = Medulla Oblongota
in the middle: Pons
Most superior = Midbrain

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8
Q

What are “pyramids” in the brain stem?

A

Structures called “pyramids” in the white matter passinformation directly from cerebrum to spinal cord.

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9
Q

What does the term vital function mean?

A

e.g. rate and force of heart beat, rhythm of breathing.

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10
Q

What vital functions are controlled by the medulla oblongata?

A

Several of the nuclei in the medulla oblongata control vital functions e.g. rate and force of heart beat, rhythm of breathing.

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11
Q

Why may injury to the medulla oblongata be fatal?

A

An injury to the medulla oblongata can be fatal if
functions maintaining heart and respiratory
rhythm are compromised.
Non-fatal injuries will usually result in cranial
nerve malfunctions, paralysis or loss of sensation
to the opposite side of the body to the injury.

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12
Q

Where and what are the cerebral peduncles? What are their functions?

A

Anterior part of midbrain contains a pair of tracts called the cerebral peduncles.
The tracts in the cerebral peduncles conduct nerve impulses from the cerebrum to the spinal cord, pons and medulla oblongata. Tracts of the cerebral peduncles also contain axons of sensory neurons that are traveling to the thalamus.

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13
Q

Where is the tectum and what is its function?

A

Posterior part of midbrain called the tectum - serve as reflex centers for visual stimuli.

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14
Q

Where is the substantia nigra? Why is it darkly colored?

A

Substantia nigra is part of midbrain - darkly pigmented - contain neurons that release dopamine - loss of neurons here associated with Parkinson’s disease.

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15
Q

What disease is associated with loss of

neurons in the substantia nigra?

A

Parkinson’s disease

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16
Q

What is the reticular activating system? What is the function of the reticular activating system?

A

There is a wide region of the brain stem where white and gray matter inter-disperse and form a netlike
arrangement. This is called reticular formation.

Part of the reticular formation is called the reticular
activating system (RAS) and consists of sensory axons that go to the cerebral cortex.

The RAS helps maintain consciousness and is activeduring awakening from sleep - stimuli that awaken us (crying baby, alarm clock).

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17
Q

Where is the cerebellum located?

A

At lower rear of brain (i.e. inferior and

posterior).

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18
Q

How is the cerebellum separated from the cerebrum?

A

Separated from cerebrum by a deep groove -

transverse fissure.

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19
Q

What are folia?

A

thin, parallel ridges called folia on the surface of the cerebellum

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20
Q

How is the cerebellum attached to the rest of the brain?

A

Attached to the brain stem by the cerebellar

peduncles.

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21
Q

Functions of the cerebellum:

A

evaluating effectiveness of movement, sending feedback to cerebral
cortex to correct motor errors, regulation of posture and balance. Possibly involved in cognition
and language processing.

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22
Q

What is ataxia?

A

Damage to the cerebellum disrupts muscle coordination - a condition called ataxia ( a=without,
-taxia= order).

Alcohol inhibits activity of cerebellum and hence
causes ataxia.

23
Q

Would you expect ataxia if the cerebellum is damaged?

A

Yes

24
Q

What are the 3 components of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus (the pineal gland is part of the
epithalamus)

25
Q

Where are the 3 components of the diencephalon located?

A

Surrounds the third ventricle.

26
Q

What is the anatomical name for the pituitary stalk?

A

the infundibulum

27
Q

What does the thalamus do (be general)?

A

Relays sensory impulses to appropriate areas of
cerebral cortex.
Transmits motor information to primary motor
arae of cerebral cortex.

28
Q

What are the 4 major regions of the hypothalamus?

A

1) Mammillary region - important in sense of smell.
2) Tuberal region - includes the infundibulum (pituitary stalk).
3) Supraoptic region - contains several nuclei including the paraventicular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus that generate axons that form the hypthalamo-hypophyseal tract that carry the hormones antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin to the posterior pituitary.(ADH is the same hormone as vasopressin)
4) Pre-optic region- helps regulate autonomic function.

29
Q

Functions of the hypothalamus:

A

regulation of the pituitary function, regulation of emotional and behavioral patterns, regulation of eating and drinking, control of body temperature, regulation of circadian rhythms and states of consciousness.

30
Q

Define: Cerebral hemisphere

A

Right and left halves of the cerebrum

31
Q

Define: cerebral cortex

A

Outer rim of gray matter called the cerebral cortex

contains billions of neurons

32
Q

Define: Fissure

A

Folds called fissures.

33
Q

Define: sulci

A

Grooves between folds called sulci.

34
Q

Define: gyri

A

Elevated ridges are called gyri.

35
Q

What are the names and locations of the four lobes of the cerebrum?

A 
Named according to the bones that cover them:
Frontal lobes
Parietal lobes
Occipital lobes
Temporal lobes
36
Q

What are the three types of tracts in the cerebral white matter? What are their functions?

A

Tracts are bundles of nerve fibers heading off in a
particular direction to perform a particular
function.

3 types of tracts:
1) Association tracts - conduct nerve impulses
between gyri in same hemisphere.
2) Commissural tracts - conduct nerve impulses
from gyri in one hemisphere to corresponding
gyri in the other hemisphere.
3) Projection tracts - conduct nerve impulses
from cerebrum to lower part of CNS and vice
versa.

37
Q

What are the basal nuclei?

A

The basal nuclei are paired masses of gray matter in each
cerebral hemisphere (Figure 14.13, page 550).
• Connections to red nucleus, substantia nigra &
subthalamus
• Input & output with cerebral cortex, thalamus &
hypothalamus
• Control large automatic movements of skeletal muscles

38
Q

What are the structural components of the limbic system?

A

Rim of structures in the cerebral cortex on medial
surface of each hemisphere.

Limbic lobe
Cingulate gyrus
Parahippocampal gyrus
Hippocampus (seahorse)
Dentate gyrus (toothed)
Amygdala (almond-shaped)
Septal nuclei
Mamillary bodies of the hypothalamus
Anterior nucleus and medial nucleus of the
thalamus
Olfactory bulbs
Fornix of the forebrain
39
Q

Name three functions of the limbic system. What type of methods have been used to establish
which areas of the brain are responsible for these functions?

A

Involved in emotions, smell and memory.
Includes emotions such as aggression, pain,
pleasure, affection, anger.

40
Q

Define: concussion

A

caused by abrupt, temporary loss of
consciousness - results in disturbances of vision
and loss of balance, drowsiness, nausea.

41
Q

Define: contusion

A

bruising of the brain.

42
Q

Define: Brain laceration

A

tear of the brain.

43
Q

Define: Sensory area (of cerebral cortex)

A

Sensory areas - receive sensory information -
involved in perception (the conscious awareness
of sensory system).

44
Q

Define: motor area (of cerebral cortex)

A

Motor areas - initiate movement

45
Q

Define: association area (of cerebral cortex)

A

Association areas deal with complex integrative
functions such as memory, emotions, reasoning,
judgment, personality traits and intelligence.

46
Q

What are thought to be the major functional differences between the right and left cerebral
hemispheres?

A

The left hemisphere is more important for righthanded control, spoken and written language, and numerical and scientific skills.

– The right hemisphere is more important for lefthanded control, musical and artistic awareness,
space and pattern perception, insight, imagination,
and generating mental images of sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell.

47
Q

What is an EEG? How can this diagnostic tool be used?

A

An electroencephalogram (EEG) may be used to
diagnose epilepsy and other seizure disorders,
infectious diseases, tumors, trauma, hematomas,
metabolic abnormalities, degenerative diseases,
and periods of unconsciousness and confusion.

48
Q

What are the four types of brain waves?

A 
Alpha = awake and resting
Beta = mental activity
Theta = Emotional Stress
Delta = Deep Sleep
49
Q

What are the major symptoms and common causes of stroke?

A

Abrupt onset of neurological symptoms e.g. paralysis, loss of sensation.

Often caused by hemorrhage of a blood vessel in the brain, blood clots or atherosclerosis in the cerebral arteries.
Risk factors include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, smoking, obesity, excessive alcohol use.

50
Q

What is Alzeimer’s disease?

A

A form of senile dementia seen in about 11% of population

over 65.

51
Q

Name three structural abnormalities that can be seen on autopsy of the brains of victims of Alzeimer’s disease?

A

Structural abnormalities seen at autopsy:

1) Loss of neurons that produce the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine.
2) Beta-amyloid plaques - an abnormal protein laid down around neurons.
3) Neurofibrillary tangles - abnormal bundles of filaments made of a protein called “tau”.

52
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

53
Q

Know the names of the cranial nerves from most anterior to most posterior

A 
1-12 labeled anteriorly to posteriorly. 
1. The Olfactory Nerve
2. The Optic Nerve
5. The Trigeminal Nerve
8 . The Vestibulochochlear Nerve
10. The Vagus Nerve
54
Q

Know the major functions of cranial nerves I, II, V, VIII and X. Which of these are only sensory
and which are mixed?

A

I - The Olfactory nerve - smell
II - The Optic Nerve - sight
V - The Trigeminal nerve - touch, pain, and thermal sensations
VIII - the Vestibulochochlear nerve - hearing/balance
X - the Vagus nerve - taste, touch, pain, temperature

Bio 40B (12 decks)

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