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Bio 40B > Lab Quiz 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

Lab Quiz 1 Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the components of the CNS?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What are the components of the PNS?

A

all parts of the nervous system outside the CNS

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3
Q

Know the definition of a nerve (refer to activity 1)

A

Nerves are bundles of hundreds or thousands of axons of neurons and are part of the PNS.

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4
Q

What are the two types of nerves?

A

Cranial Nerves – arise from brain Spinal Nerves – arise from spinal cord

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5
Q

Name the two basic types of cells that make up the nervous system and their general role:

A

1) Neurons (receive and send information) 2) Neuroglia (support, protect, provide nutrients, and augment speed of travel/action potentials)

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6
Q

On a micrograph of nervous tissue you should be able to identify neurons and neuroglia, though not individual neuroglia. Micrograph of Motor Neuron: Define 3, 4, and 5.

A
  1. Dendrites
  2. Axon
  3. Axon Hillock
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7
Q

On a micrograph of nervous tissue you should be able to identify neurons and neuroglia, though not individual neuroglia. Micrograph of Motor Neuron: Define 6 and 7.

A
  1. Cell Body
  2. Nucleus of motor neuron
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8
Q

On a micrograph of nervous tissue you should be able to identify neurons and neuroglia, though not individual neuroglia. Micrograph of Astrocyte: Define 1 and 2.

A
  1. processes
  2. cell body of astrocyte
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9
Q

Know the major function and location (CNS or PNS): Astrocyte

A

CNS. Maintains environment around neurons, forms blood brain barrier.

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10
Q

Know the major function and location (CNS or PNS): Ependymal cell

A

CNS. Lines foud brain ventricles, forms and circulatese cerebrospinalfluid.

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11
Q

Know the major function and location (CNS or PNS): Microglia

A

CNS. Engulfs invading microbes; clears debris; migrates to injured nerves.

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12
Q

Know the major function and location (CNS or PNS): Oligodendrocyte

A

CNS. Processes from cell form melin sheaths around axons of neurons.

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13
Q

Know the major function and location (CNS or PNS): Satellite Cell

A

PNS. Covers sensory neuron cell bodies; maintains neuron environment

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14
Q

Know the major function and location (CNS or PNS): Schwann cell

A

PNS. Entire cell forms myelin sheath around a segment of an axon; helps regeneration of axons.

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15
Q

Define: Sensory neurons

A

Sensory neurons (afferent neurons) detect changes in the environment and transmit that information to the brain

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16
Q

Define: Motor Neurons

A

Motor neurons (efferent neurons) transmit information to tissues (effectors)

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17
Q

On a diagram of a micrograph you should be able to identify the following components of a neuron: Axon

A
  1. Axon
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18
Q

On a diagram of a micrograph you should be able to identify the following components of a neuron: Dendrites

A
  1. Dendrites
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19
Q

On a diagram of a micrograph you should be able to identify the following components of a neuron: Axon collateral

A
  1. Axon collateral
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20
Q

On a diagram of a micrograph you should be able to identify the following components of a neuron: Axon hillock

A
  1. Axon Hillock
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21
Q

On a diagram of a micrograph you should be able to identify the following components of a neuron: cell body

A
  1. Cell Body
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22
Q

On a diagram of a micrograph you should be able to identify the following components of a neuron: Myelin sheath

A
  1. Myelin Sheath
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23
Q

On a diagram of a micrograph you should be able to identify the following components of a neuron: Node of Ranvier

A
  1. Node of Ranvier
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24
Q

Know the structural classification of neurons

A

Mutlipolar, bipolar, and unipolar

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25
Q

Know the appearance of Purkinje neurons. What structural classification is this?

A

See photo. Multipolar

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26
Q

Know the appearance of Pyramidal cells. What structural classification is this?

A

See photo. multipolar

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27
Q

Understand the structure and function of the myelin sheath

A

Myelin sheaths are made by Schwann cells in the PNS and Oligodendrocytes in the CNS. Nodes of Ranvier (gaps in the myelin sheath) are more common in the PNS than in the CNS. The myelin sheath provides protection and insulation for the axon, and also increases the speed of conductivity of the nervous impulse.

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28
Q

How is the myelin sheath formed?

A

By Schwann cells in the PNS, and Oligodendrocytes in the CNS

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29
Q

What do the terms gray matter and white matter mean?

A

White Matter: groups of myelinated axons Gray matter: unmyelinated areas comprised of cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, and neuroglia.

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30
Q

Know the general areas of white and gray matter in the brain and spinal cord

A

White Matter in in the inner layer in the brain and the external layer in the spinal cord. Gray matter is in the external layer in the brain and in the internal layer in the spinal cord.

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31
Q

Know the three meninges and their locations

A

The three meninges are connective tissue membranes that cover the spinal cord and are continuous with the cranial meninges that protect the brain. Dura Mater, the outer meninx, is a tough, single-layered membrane that is deep to the epidural space and superficial to the spider web-like arachnoid mater. The inner meninx, the pia mater, is delicate and hugs the spinal cord.

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32
Q

What are the meninges made up of?

A

connective tissue

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33
Q

What is the function of the meninges?

A

to protect the spinal cord

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34
Q

What is the fluid in the subarachnoid space called?

A

The cerebrospinal fluid

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35
Q

Know the meaning of the following term and the area of the spinal cord to which it refers: Cervical enlargement

A

Located at levels C3 or C4 through Tq. This bulge designates the location of nuclei (collection of neuron cell bodies) for the upper extremities.

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36
Q

Know the meaning of the following term and the area of the spinal cord to which it refers: Lumbar enlargement

A

Located at levels T9 through T12 and contains nuclei for the lower extremities

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37
Q

Know the meaning of the following term and the area of the spinal cord to which it refers: Conus medullaris

A

The end of the spinal cord (ends in a little triangle like shape)

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38
Q

Know the meaning of the following term and the area of the spinal cord to which it refers: Cauda Equina

A

nerves arising from the inferior portion of the spinal cord continue inferiorly as the cauda equina (horse’s tail)

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39
Q

Know the meaning of the following term and the area of the spinal cord to which it refers: Filum Terminale

A

Filum Terminale: an extension of the pia mater that continues past the conus medullaris and connects the inferior end of the spinal cord to the coccyx.

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40
Q

Know the meaning of the term ganglia

A

Mass of nerve tissue; a group of nerve cell bodies, especially nerve cells external to the brain or spinal cord.

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41
Q

Where does a spinal nerve arise?

A

From the posterior and anterior roots

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42
Q

What are spinal nerves?

A

nerves that arise from the spinal cord

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43
Q

What are the names of the spinal nerve connective tissue coverings?

A

Epineurium, Perineurium, and Endoneurium

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44
Q

Define: Ramus

A

Branch

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45
Q

Know the four spinal plexuses and how many nerves there are in each.

A

spinal plexuses = braids of nerves coming off the spinal cord: Cervical (4), Brachial (5), Lumbar (5), and Sacral (5) plexuses. Thoracic nerves do not form a plexus. (i think that the brachial plexus contains the last 4 cervical nerves and the first thoracic nerve)

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46
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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47
Q

How many cervical spinal nerves are there?

A

8

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48
Q

How many thoracic spinal nerves are there?

A

12

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49
Q

How many lumar spinal nerves are there?

A

5

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50
Q

How many sacral spinal nerves are there?

A

5

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51
Q

How many coccygeal spinal nerves are there?

A

1

52
Q

Do the thoracic spinal nerves form a plexus?

A

No, they do not.

53
Q

Know where the spinal nerves are located

A

around the spine – posterior (dorsal) ramus curves around to the dorsal surgace and innervates the skin and deep muscles of the back or trunk. The anterior (ventral) ramus supplies the muscles and skin of all four libs, as well as the anterior and lateral parts of the body. The meningeal branch serves the vertebrae., The 2 rami communicantes connect to the sympathetic ganglion of the autonomic nervous system.

54
Q

Know the meaning of the term plexus

A

Braid

55
Q

Know the location of the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses

A

Cervical: anterior rami fo C1-5 Brachial: anterior rami of C5-T1 Lumbar: anterior rami of L1-L4 Sacral: anterior rami from L4-S4

56
Q

State at least one muscle innervated by each nerve: Phrenic

A

Diaphragm. Part of the cervical plexus.

57
Q

State at least one muscle innervated by each of the above nerves: Femoral

A

iliacus, quadriceps femoris, sartorius, pectineus

58
Q

Define: Reflex

A

Rapid, involuntary motor responses to an environmental stimulus detected by sensory receptors.

59
Q

Define: Somatic reflex

A

When the reflex is a contraction of skeletal muscle, it is a somatic reflex

60
Q

Define: Autonomic reflex

A

When the reflex involves cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or glands, than it is an autonomic reflex.

61
Q

Define: Spinal reflex

A

Reflexes mediated by spinal nerves.

62
Q

Define: Cranial reflex

A

Reflexes mediated by cranial nerves

63
Q

Define: Sensory Receptor

A

If the stimulus to the sensory receptor is strong enough, an action potential is generated in the sensory neuron.

64
Q

Define: Sensory neuron

A

The sensory neuron propages the action potential and synapses with neurons in the spinal cord or brain stem

65
Q

Define: Integrating Center

A

The integrating center is located within the gray matter of the CNS and transfers information from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron.

66
Q

Define: Monosynaptic relfex arc

A

The integrating center of a monosynaptic reflex arc is a single synapse between a sensory and motor neuron.

67
Q

Define: Polysynaptic reflex arc

A

The integrating center in a polysynaptic reflex arc consists of multiple synpases involves one or more interneurons between a sensory and motor neuron.

68
Q

Define: Motor neuron

A

The motor neuron carries the action potential initiated by the integrating center to the effector.

69
Q

Define: Effector

A

An effector is the skeletal, cardial, smooth muscle, or gland that reacts to a signal from a motor neuron.

70
Q

Define: Ipsilateral Reflex

A

The reflex takes place on the same side of the body as the stimulus.

71
Q

Define: Contralateral reflex

A

the reflex takes place on the opposite side of the body as the stimulus.

72
Q

Know whether the examples give in Table 19.1 are somatic or autonomic reflexes, spinal reflexes or cranial reflexes: Plantar flexion of foot when achilles tendon is stretched

A

Somatic, Spinal

73
Q

State at least one muscle innervated by each nerve: Axillary

A

Deltoid and teres minor muscles

74
Q

State at least one muscle innervated by each nerve: Musculocutaneous

A

Anterior muscles of the arm

75
Q

State at least one muscle innervated by each nerve: Ulnar

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris, medial-half of flexor digitorium profundus, most hand muscles

76
Q

State at least one muscle innervated by each nerve: Median

A

Muscles of the anterior forearm (excluding flexor carpi ulnaris and other muscles supplied by the ulnar nerves) and some muscles of the hand. E.g palmaris longus

77
Q

State at least one muscle innervated by each nerve: Radial

A

Muscles of the posterior arm and forearm. E.g. Triceps brachii

78
Q

State at least one muscle innervated by each of the above nerves: Obturator

A

Adductor longus, adductor brevis, and part of adductor magnus, gracilis

79
Q

State at least one muscle innervated by each of the above nerves: Common Fibular

A

Fibularis longus muscle, tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus

80
Q

State at least one muscle innervated by each of the above nerves:Pudendal

A

Muscles of the perineum

81
Q

State at least one muscle innervated by each of the above nerves: Sciatic

A

Biceps femoris, semimembranosus,semitendinosus (hamstrings)

82
Q

State at least one muscle innervated by each of the above nerves: Tibial

A

Gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, plantaris, flexor hallucis longus

83
Q

Know whether the examples give in Table 19.1 are somatic or autonomic reflexes, spinal reflexes or cranial reflexes: Salivation in response to lemon juice on tongue

A

Autonomic, Cranial

84
Q

Know whether the examples give in Table 19.1 are somatic or autonomic reflexes, spinal reflexes or cranial reflexes: Blinking in responmse to touching the cornea

A

Autonomic, Cranial

85
Q

Know whether the examples give in Table 19.1 are somatic or autonomic reflexes, spinal reflexes or cranial reflexes: Flexing arm in response to touching a hot object

A

Somatic, Spinal

86
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglia, unipolar neurons. Define 1, 2, 3, and 4.

A
  1. Process
  2. Satellite cells
  3. Nucleus
  4. Neuron cell body
87
Q

Cerebral Cortex. Multipolar Neurons. Define 5, 6, and 7.

A
  1. Axon
  2. Dendrites
  3. Neuron cell body
88
Q

Structural Classification of Neurons. Define 1, 2, and 3.

A
  1. Unipolar Neuron
  2. Multipolar Neuron
  3. Bipolar Neuron
89
Q

Functional Classification of Neurons. Define 4, 5, and 6.

A
  1. Sensory/Afferent Neuron
  2. Interneuron (association neuron)
  3. Motor/efferent Neuron
90
Q

Myelinated and unmyelinated Axon. Define 1, 2, 3, and 4.

A
  1. Axon
  2. Myelin Sheath
  3. Schwann cell cytoplasm
  4. Node of Ranvier
91
Q

Myelinated and unmyelinated Axon. Define 5 and 6.

A
  1. Axons
  2. Schwann Cell Cytoplasm
92
Q

White and Gray matter. Define 1 and 2.

A
  1. White Matter
  2. Gray matter
93
Q

Fig 17.1 Transverse Section of Spinal Cord showing Meninges. Define 1, 2, and 3.

A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Pia mater
  3. Epidural Space
94
Q

Fig 17.1 Transverse Section of Spinal Cord showing Meninges. Define 4 and 5.

A
  1. Subarachnoid space
  2. web-like projection of arachnoid mater
95
Q

Fig 17.2 Posterior View of longitudinal spinal cord. Define 1, 2, and 3.

A
  1. Cervical Enlargement
  2. Lumbar Enlargement
  3. Cronus Medullaris
96
Q

Fig 17.2 Posterior View of longitudinal spinal cord. Define 4 and 5.

A
  1. Cauda Equina
  2. Filum Terminale
97
Q

Fig. 17.3 Transverse section of spinal cord - Define 1, 2, 3, and 4.

A
  1. Spinal Nerve
  2. Posterior root ganglion
  3. Posterior Root
  4. Posterior Median Sulcus
98
Q

Fig. 17.3 Transverse section of spinal cord - Define 5, 6, and 7.

A
  1. Central Canal
  2. Anterior Root
  3. Anterior Median Fissure
99
Q

Figure 18.1 Transverse Section of a spinal nerve with coverings and fascicles. Define 1, 2, and 3.

A
  1. Spinal Nerve
  2. Epineurium
  3. Perineurium
100
Q

Figure 18.1 Transverse Section of a spinal nerve with coverings and fascicles. Define 4, 5, and 6.

A
  1. Fascicle
  2. Endoneurium
  3. Axon
101
Q

Fig. 18.3 - Spinal cord with branches of a spinal nerve. Define 1, 2, 3, and 4.

A
  1. Spinal Nerve
  2. Anterior Ramus
  3. Posterior Ramus
  4. Rami communicantes
102
Q

Fig 18.3 - Spinal cord with branches of a spinal nerve. Define 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.

A
  1. Sympathetic Ganglia
  2. Intervertebral Foramen
  3. Anterior Ramus
  4. Posterior Ramus
  5. Rami Communicantes
103
Q

Fig 17-4 Transverse section of spinal cord with areas of gray and white matter. Define 1, 2, 3, and 4.

A
  1. Anterior White Column
  2. Anterior Gray Horn
  3. Lateral White Column
  4. Lateral Gray Horn
104
Q

Fig 17-4 Transverse section of spinal cord with areas of gray and white matter. Define 5, 6, and 7.

A
  1. Posterior Gray Horn
  2. Posterior White Column
  3. Gray Commisure
105
Q

Fig 17-5 Photomicrograph of transverse section of spinal cord with spinal Nerve. Define 1, 2, 3, and 4.

A
  1. Posterior Root
  2. Lateral White Column
  3. Central Canal
  4. Posterior median Sulcus
106
Q

Fig 17-5 Photomicrograph of transverse section of spinal cord with spinal Nerve. Define 5, 6, 7, and 8.

A
  1. Posterior White column
  2. Posterior Gray Horn
  3. Posterior Root Ganglion
  4. Anterior root
107
Q

Fig 17-5 Photomicrograph of transverse section of spinal cord with spinal Nerve. Define 9, 10, 11, 12.

A
  1. Anterior Gray Horn
  2. Anterior white column
  3. Gray Commissure
  4. Anterior median fissure
108
Q

Fig 18-4 Posterior View of the Four Spinal Plexuses. Define 1, 2, and 3.

A
  1. Sacral Plexus
  2. Lumbar Plexus
  3. Brachail Plexus
109
Q

Fig 18-4 Posterior View of the Four Spinal Plexuses. Define 4, 5, and 6

A
  1. Cervical Plexus
  2. Cervical Nerves
  3. Thoracic Nerves
110
Q

Fig 18-4 Posterior View of the Four Spinal Plexuses. Define 7, 8, and 9.

A
  1. Lumbar Nerves
  2. Sacral Nerves
  3. Coccygeal Nerve
111
Q

Fig 18-5 Major Nerves from the Cervical and Brachial Plexuses. Define 1, 2, and 3.

A
  1. Axillary nerve
  2. Musculocutaneous nerve
  3. Medial nerve
112
Q

Fig 18-5 Major Nerves from the Cervical and Brachial Plexuses. Define 1, 2, and 3.

A
  1. Axillary nerve
  2. Musculocutaneous nerve
  3. Medial nerve
113
Q

Fig 18-5 Major Nerves from the Cervical and Brachial Plexuses. Define 4, 5, and 6.

A
  1. Ulnar Nerve
  2. Radial Nerve
  3. Phrenic Nerve
114
Q

Fig 18-6 Major Nerves of the Lumbar and Sacral Plexuses. Define 1, 2, and 3.

A
  1. Obturator nerve
  2. Pudendal
  3. Femoral Nerve
115
Q

Fig 18-6 Major Nerves of the Lumbar and Sacral Plexuses. Define 4, 5, and 6.

A
  1. Sciatic Nerve
  2. Tibial Nerve
  3. Common Fibular Nerve
116
Q

Fig 19-1 Reflex arc components. Define 1, 2, 3, and 4.

A
  1. Integrating Center
  2. Sensory neuron axon
  3. Sensory neuron cell body
  4. sensory receptor
117
Q

Fig 19-1 Reflex arc components. Define 5, 6, and 7.

A
  1. Effector
  2. motor neuron axon
  3. motor neuron cell body
118
Q

Fig 19-2 Patellar Reflex Arc. Define 1, 2, 3, and 4.

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Sensory Neuron
  3. Integrating center for reciprocal innervation
  4. integrating center for patellar reflex
119
Q

Fig 19-2 Patellar Reflex Arc. Define 5, 6, 7, and 8.

A
  1. Motor neuron for patellar reflex arc
  2. motor neuron for reciprocal innervation
  3. effector for patellar reflex arc
  4. effector for reciprocal innervation
120
Q

Fig 16-1 Neuroglia of the CNS and PNS. Define 1, 2, 3, and 4.

A
  1. Oligodendrocyte
  2. Microglial cell
  3. astrocytes
  4. ependymal cell
121
Q

Fig 16-1 Neuroglia of the CNS and PNS. Define 5 and 6.

A
  1. Satellite Cell
  2. Schwann Cell
122
Q

Know the nerve that is tested in each reflex test you performed in lab – Biceps Reflex

A

The biceps reflex tests the musculocutaneus nerve

123
Q

Know the nerve that is tested in each reflex test you performed in lab – Triceps Reflex

A

The triceps reflex tests the radial nerve

124
Q

Know the nerve that is tested in each reflex test you performed in lab – Achilles Reflex

A

The achilles reflex tests the tibial nerve

125
Q

Know the nerve that is tested in each reflex test you performed in lab – Plantar Flexion

A

Tibial Nerve

126
Q

Know the nerve that is tested in each reflex test you performed in lab – Patellar Reflex

A

femoral nerve

Bio 40B (12 decks)

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