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R's Biology 1 > Lecture Exam 3 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Instinctive behavior is also called ________

A

Innate behavior

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2
Q

Innate behavior is _(learned or inborn)__ and examples include____

A

INBORN
Ex: related to survival- mating, hunting, migrating, food sources….

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3
Q

Learned behavior is ______ and examples include

A

influenced by experience.
Ex: imprinting

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4
Q

Habituation

A

learned behavior in which an animal does NOT respond to a stimulus
ex: humans studying gorilla family, gorillas learn to ignore the human

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5
Q

What are 4 ways species communicate?

A

Pheromones, acoustics, visual cues, tactile

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6
Q

Example of a solitary animal. Why can this be advantageous?

A

Bobcat-very territorial. marks their area. Males find females throughout the winter to mate and move on. Single baby stays with mom.

Prey availability- solitary life improves reproductive success. Only one mouth to feed and care for- itsself

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7
Q

Benefits to living in groups

A

Protect young
Improved feeding opportunities but have to share food.
Hunt in a pack

Most important is passing down cultural traits-learning by imitation

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8
Q

Cost of group living

A

division of resources,

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9
Q

Solitary behavior improves the bobcat’s_________ success

A

Reproductive

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10
Q

Why do bobcats stay away from one another?

A

Prey availability

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11
Q

Are cooperative hunters more efficient than solitary ones?

A

No, have to share the resources.

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12
Q

Why would a subordinate give up resources?

A

Subordinate individuals are too weak to survive on their own

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13
Q

Competitive behavior is also called _______ and is ________

A

agnostic behavior
any behavior related to fighting: aggression, defense, submission, retreat.

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14
Q

How is a “winner” established in a dispute between members of a species?

A

Recognition of a ritualized behavior of submission

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15
Q

Altruistic behavior is considered ________

A

Cooperative behavior,
Aids others in their group/family even at risk to itself

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16
Q

Define Population

A

A group of individuals of a single species in a specific area

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17
Q

How are populations boundaries defined?

A

Can be landmarks or arbitrary boundaries like county lines

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18
Q

What is population density

A

The number of individuals per unit area or volume.
Ex: number of oak trees per square mile in a specific county

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19
Q

What is population dispersion

A

the pattern of spacing among individuals within the population boundaries.

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20
Q

Population density is not _____ but can ______over time.

A

Population density is not STATIC, but can VARY over time

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21
Q

Immigration vs Emigratrion

A

Immigration- influx of new individuals from other areas
Emigration- movement of individuals out of a population

Emigration reduces density of population, minimizing resource competition

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22
Q

What are a few ways population size and density can be determined?

A

Count the individuals, count nests, or use “mark-recapture” method to estimate

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23
Q

What are the population dispersion patterns and what factors might affect them

A

Clumped
Uniform
Random

Temperatures, humidity, predators, resources…

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24
Q

Biotic vs Abiotic factors

A

Biotic- living organisms
Abiotic- nonliving environment

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25
Q

Define Cohort

A

a group of individuals of the same age, from birth until all are dead.

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26
Q

Demography

A

The study of the key characteristics of populations and how the change over time

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27
Q

Survivorship curves
Type 1
Type 2
Type 3

A

Type 1- Humans and mammals. Survival is high at an early age. Few offspring that live to old age
Type 2- Birds and rats. Survival remains constant at any age. Equal chance of survival regardless of age.
Type 3- Trees, fish, and turtles. Survival is low at an early age. Have tons of offspring that mostly die, few will live for a very long time.

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28
Q

Which growth occurs when there is an abundance of resources?

A

Exponential growth

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29
Q

Which growth occurs when resources become limited?

A

Logistic growth

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30
Q

Define Carrying Capacity

A

Maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain.

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31
Q

Examples of limiting factors (limited resources that effect growth)

A

Energy, shelter, nutrients, water, etc..

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32
Q

Life history

What are the 3 key components of life history

A

the traits that affect an organisms schedule of reproduction and survival

When they reproduce
How often they can reproduce
How many offspring per episode

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33
Q

Semelparity

A

All offspring born in single event.
Organism will die after first cycle
ex: annual plants, spiders, salmon

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34
Q

Iteroparity

A

Offspring are born in repeated bouts.

Ex: humans, mammals, perennials,

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35
Q

Ecological footprint

A

Summarizes the aggregate land and water area required by each person to produce all the resources it consumes and to absorb all waste it generates
Measured in global hectares- gha

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36
Q

Factors that may limit growth of human population

A

food, water, and capacity of environment to absorb its waste.

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37
Q

How can we attain zero population growth

A

social changes based on human choices and increased morality.

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38
Q

Define Community

A

All the populations of species in a particular environment

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39
Q

Species Richness vs Relative Abundance

A

Species Richness- number of species present
Relative Abundance- how many of each species are present

40
Q

Which is typically larger in abundance, predator or prey?

A

Prey population has to be larger, or predators would run out of food source and die off.

41
Q

What are the two factors that influence community structures?

A

Abiotic- non living environment
Biotic- living organisms

42
Q

Give examples of abiotic and biotic factors

A

Abiotic- moisture, temperature, soil, sunlight, elevation, wind
Biotic- protists, fungi, plants, animals, bacteria

any change to any factor will influence others (ex: amount of rainfall changes temperature and humidity, which changes soil- plants-animals eating plants….)

43
Q

Habitat vs Niche

A

habitat- abiotic and biotic factors where an organism lives. This is shared between all organism in that community

Niche- conditions, resources, and interactions necessary for survival

44
Q

List the 5 types of symbiotic interactions

A

Commensalism
Mutualism
Competition
Predation
Parasitism

45
Q

Commensalism

A

Directly benefits one species but affects the other little, if at all.

Ex: barnacles on whales, animals living in trees, moss growing on turtle

46
Q

Facultative Mutualism

A

Helpful interactions but not vital

ex: Clown fish in sea anemone

47
Q

Obligatory Mutualism

A

Neither species can complete life cycle without the other

Ex: Yuca plant and Yuca moth
Lichens and fungi

48
Q

Competition

A

Occurs when there is a limited supply of resources.

49
Q

Intra vs Inter specific competition

A

Intra- same species, compete for ALL resources
Inter- differing species, compete for one or two resources

50
Q

What type of symbiotic relationship leads to evolution by natural selection?

A

Competition. The stronger individual will get the resources and survive.

51
Q

What are the two types of Interspecific Competition?

A

Interference- when one species controls access to a resource. Ex: Eagle and Fox fight over carcass
Exploitative- species have equal access to a resource, but one is better at using it. Ex: Deer and birds eating nuts, birds will store them

52
Q

Competitive Exclusion

A

Two or more species that have identical niches cannot coexist indefinitely together.
Aggressor will take over niche

53
Q

Resource Partitioning

A

Competitors have slightly different niches which minimizes competition, allowing for coexistence
Ex: different types of warblers live in different parts of same tree.

54
Q

Predation leads to ________

A

Predation leads to COEVOLUTION

55
Q

Predation

A

occurs when consumers hunt for their prey. Prey can be animal or plants

56
Q

Coevolution occurs

A

between predator and prey because their interactions exert select pressures on each other

57
Q

An increase in prey populations will cause ______

A

an increase in predator populations

and vice versa

58
Q

Describe the 4 prey defenses

A

Camouflage-walking stick bug
Warning Coloration-dart frog
Mimicry- yellow jacket vs harmless beetle
Chemical Defenses -skunk

59
Q

Parasitism

A

One species benefits at the expense of the other.
Most of its life is spent on other organisms

60
Q

Keystone species

A

Critical species that if removed, can be detrimental to the ecosystem.
Ex: Starfish, wolves, otters, lions.

61
Q

Organisms interact with their environment through a ___________ of energy

A

through a ONE WAY FLOW of energy

62
Q

How does energy enter most ecosystems?

A

Sunlight

63
Q

What is the 10% rule?

A

An organism only utilizes 10% of the energy they consume. The other 90% gets lost as heat energy

64
Q

Climate is an example of what kind of factor?
What can affect climate?

A

Abiotic factor
Affected by: solar radiation, earths rotation, elevation

65
Q

Producers and Consumers are both examples of what kind of factor?

A

Biotic factor

66
Q

What are examples of autotrophs and heterotrophs?

A

Autotrophs make their own energy- Producers
Heterotrophs have to consumer energy- Consumers

67
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transferred

68
Q

Second Law of thermodynamics

A

energy conversions are inefficient and most transferred energy is lost in the form of heat

69
Q

True or False:
Energy can flow backwards through an ecosystem

A

FALSE! Energy is a one way flow
(but chemicals are cycling)

70
Q

Measuring energy transfers throughout an ecosystem helps ecologists understand _______

A

how many organisms an ecosystem can support

71
Q

Conservation of Mass

A

Like energy, matter cannot be destroyed or created. It gets recycled through the system

72
Q

How are species grouped into trophic levels?

A

Based on feeding relationships
All organisms at the same trophic level are the same number of transfers away from the energy source

73
Q

What does “trophic” mean?

A

nourishment

74
Q

Based on the trophic levels, which consumer gets the least amount of energy due to 10% rule?

A

Top Predators. Because each trophic level is inefficient and utilizes only 10% of the lower level

75
Q

What is a Primary Producer?

A

Autotrophs- can produce their own energy using photosynthesis
Can also include chemosynthetic organisms

76
Q

What is a primary consumer?

A

Herbivores

77
Q

What is a secondary or tertiary consumer?

A

Carnivores

78
Q

What organisms are in the last trophic level

A

Decomposers. This includes detritivores

79
Q

Detritivore vs Decomposer

A

Detritivores eat small particles of organic matter
Decomposers feed on organic wastes and remains

80
Q

When reading a food chain or food web, what does the arrow imply?

A

The arrow follows the flow of energy. Remember energy flows one way.

IT DOES NOT SHOW WHO EATS WHO! It shows where the energy is going because of the food chain

81
Q

What are the key limiting factors in an ecosystem?

A

Energy
Light
Nutrients
If an ecosystem lacks any of the above, it will suffer/fail

82
Q

Photic zone vs Aphotic zone

A

Photic zone is where light can reach in an aquatic ecosystem.
Aphotic is lacking light

83
Q

Eutrophication

A

Occurs when primary production increases dramatically when the nutrient status changes from poor to rich (Ex. Algal Blooms, can lead to loss of oxygen in water)

84
Q

What are the main factors that control primary production in Terrestrial Ecosystems?

A

Temperature and Moisture

Soil nutrients are limiting factors

85
Q

What are the main factors that control primary production in Aquatic Ecosystems

A

Light and Nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous)

86
Q

What are the four Biogeochemical cycles we care about

A

Water Cycle, Nitrogen Cycles, Carbon Cycle, Phosphorus Cycle

87
Q

How does water circulate through an ecosystem?

A

Evaporation Condensation Precipitation

88
Q

Which cycle forms the framework of the organic molecules essential to all organisms? (Hint: this leads to the greenhouse effect)

A

Carbon Cycle
Because we release so much CO2 into the atmosphere from our fossil fuels, this leads to unbalance in the cycle and building up of CO2=greenhouse

89
Q

Where is nitrogen (NO3) mostly found?

A

the in atmosphere mostly, where it can be utilized by plants.

90
Q

How can nitrogen get fixed naturally?

A

Bacteria, lightening, and volcanic activity can fix nitrogen into a usable form

91
Q

Why does the phosphorus cycle circulate locally?

A

It is not found in the atmosphere. Predominantly found in the sedimentary rocks, soils, oceans

92
Q

What are two ways to restore an ecosystem?

A

Bioremediation- use organisms to detoxify polluted ecosystems
Biological Augmentation- use organism to add essential material to a degraded ecosystem

93
Q

Which chemicals cycle globally and which cycle locally?

A

Global : Carbon, Oxygen, Sulfur, Nitrogen

Local: Phosphorous, Potassium, Calcium

94
Q

A _________ illustrates trophic interactions among species in one particular ecosystem

A

Food Web

95
Q

A _________ is a sequence of steps by which energy captured by producers is transferred to organisms at higher trophic levels

A

Food Chain

R's Biology 1 (8 decks)

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