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R's Biology 1 > Lab Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

List the Scientific Method steps

A

Observe a phenomenon
Develop a hypothesis
Make a prediction
Design a test
Carry out the test
Analyze results and repeat test
Accept or reject hypothesis
Repeat tests again
Communicate results

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2
Q

Hypothesis

A

Testable explanation of the observed phenomenon or process based on previous knowledge

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3
Q

Prediction

A

statement of some condition that should exist if the hypothesis is not wrong

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4
Q

Principles

A

hypotheses that have been tested for their predictive power many times and has not yet been found incorrect

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5
Q

Theories

A

related principles that have wide-ranging explanatory power

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6
Q

Laws

A

undisputed scientific information.

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7
Q

What types of groups are needed in an experiement

A

Control group and experimental group

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8
Q

What is the experimental group

A

a group of objects or individuals that are exposed to the independent variable being studied

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9
Q

What is the control group

A

identical to the experimental group except for the independent variable being studied.

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10
Q

What is the difference between dependent variable and independent variable?

A

The independent variable is the only difference introduced into the experimental group and is not effected by any other variable
Dependent variable is what is being measured and is dependent on the independent variable

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11
Q

How can you minimize variables? Give examples

A

If using animals, ensure the same species, health, same litter if you can
If using pots try to use the same pot, soil from the same bag, seeds from the same origin

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12
Q

What goes on the X and Y axis when making your graph?

A

X axis is the independent (known) variable
Y is the dependent (measured) variable
Must label each axis and provide units. Title the graph

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13
Q

Oculars

A

eyepieces that allow you to see the object and magnifies 10x

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14
Q

Body Tube

A

passes light from the head to the oculars

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15
Q

Rotating Head

A

Allows the oculars to rotate while still viewing the object

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16
Q

Revolving nosepiece

A

contains the objectives. Allows each one to be moved into place while still viewing the specimen

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17
Q

Scanning objective

A

magnifies the object 4x. Red stripe

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18
Q

Low Power objective

A

magnifies the specimen 10x. Yellow stripe

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19
Q

High Power objective

A

magnifies to 40x. Blue stripe

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20
Q

Oil immersion objective

A

magnifies 100x. White stripe

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21
Q

Arm

A

back of microscope that holds the stage and oculars upright/erect

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22
Q

Stage

A

plate that holds the slide and has an opening to admit light

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23
Q

Stage clips

A

plate that holds the slide in place

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24
Q

Stage controls

A

moves the slide on the stage to center the specimen over the opening that admits the light

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25
Q

Condenser

A

contains lenses under the stage that concentrate the light on the specimen

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26
Q

Iris diaphragm

A

lever on the condenser that controls the amount of light that is concentrated on the specimen

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27
Q

Course adjustment knob

A

raises and lowers the stage for initial focusing and is only used on the scanning objective.

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28
Q

Fine adjustment knob

A

raises and lowers the stage for fine focusing using the low power, high power and oil immersion objectives.
Not used with scanning objective

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29
Q

Base

A

steadies the microscope and contains the illuminator at the front and the arm at the back

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30
Q

Illuminator

A

the light source used to view the object. Can adjust intensity

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31
Q

Parfocal

A

after initial focusing, little, if any, adjustment is needed when switching objectives. Make sure the specimen is centered in field of view

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32
Q

Inversion

A

reversal of the image projected due to the placement of multiple mirrors and lenses. Image appears upside down and backwards

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33
Q

Depth of field

A

ability to bring multiple layers into focus on a slide

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34
Q

Binocular dissection microscope

A

low magnification of specimens using two sets of lenses (oculars and zoom) and light to view thick objects and reflects light from the surface of the object

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35
Q

Compound Light microscope

A

highly magnifies specimens using two sets of lenses (ocular and objectives) and light to view thin objects and transmit light

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36
Q

Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

A

highly magnifies specimens using electrons to view the surface of specimens

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37
Q

Transmission electron microscope (TEM)

A

highly magnifies specimens using electrons to view thin specimens

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38
Q
A
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39
Q

If three threads are layered top to bottom purple, yellow, green, which will come into focus first

A

purple

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40
Q
A

Top is SEM
Bottom is TEM

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41
Q
A

Top is binocular dissecting microscope
Bottom is compound light microscope

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42
Q

What do biological molecules contain? What are the 3 biological molecules?

A

Biological molecules contain carbon and hydrogen.
The 3 include Proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates

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43
Q

All monosaccharides are ________agents that act as ________ to release energy

A

All monosaccharides are REDUCING agents that act as CATALYSTS to release energy

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44
Q

What does Benedicts reagent contain and what does it check for? What do the color of precipitate mean?

A

Contains Copper, tests for amount of sugar- can find monosaccharides only-no di,oligo,poly

Blue- no sugar
Green-very low sugar
Yellow- low sugar
Orange- moderate sugar
Red- High sugar
Dark Red-very high sugar

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45
Q

Hydrolysis

A

chemical reaction that breaks bonds between electrons to release stored energy

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46
Q

What does Iodine or Lugol’s test for?
What color is positive?

A

presence of starch.
Bluish black means starch is present

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47
Q

What does Biuret Reagent test for? What color is positive

A

Proteins . Turns purple of proteins are present. Remaining blue is negative for proteins

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48
Q

Why wont lipids dissolve in water?

A

They are nonpolar and hydrophobic

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49
Q

________are molecules that have both polar and nonpolar components that allow lipids to break into smaller fragments but the lipids are not dissolved.

A

Emulsifiers

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50
Q

What is being tested for with brown paper or Sudan IV reagent?
What is a positive test

A

In the presence of lipids,
Brown paper will develop and oil spot
Sudan IV reagent will turn pinkish red

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51
Q

Explain what each is and how it works

A

Hydrolysis occurs when bonds of the molecule break, resulting in smaller molecules and uses water to do so.
Dehydration synthesis occurs when molecules covalently bond into larger molecules and usually water is a byproduct.

52
Q

Which are hydrophobic and which are hydrophilic?
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Proteins

A

Lipids- phobic
Carbohydrates- philic
Proteins- philic

53
Q

Which is the most abundant biological molecule in nature?

A

Carbohydrates

54
Q

What are the two ways carbs can store energy as? What are they used for

A

Starch stored energy in plants and sugar store energy in animals

55
Q

Glucose

A

Most common monosaccharide that is the main product of photosynthesis and is used by all organisms as an instant source of energy

56
Q

Fructose

A

Sweetest sugar and found in fruit and honey

57
Q

Disaccharides

A

consist of two monosaccharides bonded together via glycosidic bonds

58
Q

Polysaccharides

A

consists of many monosaccharides bonded together

59
Q

Maltose

A

disaccharide that forms from two glucose molecule bonded together and is found in cereal, crackers, bread, and beer

60
Q

Sucrose

A

Disaccharide that forms from glucose and fructose bonded together and is found in table sugar and brown sugar

61
Q

Glycogen
Starch

A

Glycogen is how animals store excess glucose sugars
Starch is how plants store excess glucose sugars

62
Q

Where do plants store energy in the form of starch (polysaccharide)?
What is the unbranched form of starch? what is the branched form?

A

Plants store energy in the amyloplasts. unbranched- amylose
Branched- amylopectin

63
Q

Cellulose

A

A major part of cell walls for plants, fungi, and bacteria and is used to provide protection and support

64
Q

What are the many functions of proteins

A

Structure (hair, skin), transport (albumin for hormones), messengers (growth hormone channeling), enzymes (regulate chemical reactions), movement (muscle fiber contractions), and defense (antibodies)

65
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Amino Acids come together to form peptides which then fold to form proteins. Bonded by peptide bonds

66
Q

What solvents are lipids soluble in?

A

nonpolar solvents like alcohol, ether, acetone

67
Q

4 types of Lipids

A

Fats-saturated and unsaturated triglycerides. Glycerol Head and 1,2,or 3 fatty acid tails
Phospholipids-glycerol backbone and 2 fatty acid tails
Waxes-waterproofing and water retention. fatty acids and long chain alcohols
Sterols-maintain structure.

68
Q

How do emulsifiers work?

A

Used to mix fat in water.
Emulsifiers have one end hydrophilic and another end hydrophobic. Allows for fat to disperse as small droplets

69
Q

Why do we need a positive and negative control?

A

Positive ensures the reagent is active. Negative control ensures reliable results

70
Q

What are cells that do not have nucleus and membrane bound organelles? What cells do have those? Give examples

A

Prokaryotic cells lack A nucleus and MBO, Eukaryotic does have them.
P: archaea, bacteria
E: protists, fungi, plants, animals

71
Q

_________ tests for reducing sugars
_________ tests for starches
_________ tests for lipids
_________ tests for proteins

A

BENEDICTS REAGENT tests for reducing sugars
IODINE tests for starches
BROWN BAG, SUDAN IV, AND ELUMSIFIERS tests for lipids
BIURET REAGENT tests for proteins

72
Q

What are the three common shapes of prokaryotic cells

A

Coccus (round) Bacillus (rod) Spirillum (spiral)

73
Q

Cyanobacteria are _______

A

Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic-plant like bacteria

74
Q

What is Physarum

A

Slime mold of eukaryotic-Protist
Protists are single cell

75
Q

Contains genetic material

A

nucleus

76
Q

Fluid portion that contains the organelles

A

Cytoplasm

77
Q

Outer boundary that regulates material moving in and out of the cell

A

Plasma membrane

78
Q

Rigid outer layer that helps plant cells hold their shape, provides protection, and support. Surrounds the plasma membrane

A

Cell wall

79
Q

Plastids used for photosynthesis

A

chloroplast

80
Q

Central Vacuole

A

Takes up 50-90% of the cells interior

81
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of SOLUTES from high to low concentration

82
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of WATER from high to low concentration

83
Q

What kind of factors influence Diffusion and Osmosis

A

Solute concentration, solute size, and selective permeability of a membrane

84
Q

Isotonic
Hypotonic
Hypertonic

A

Isotonic- equal concentrations inside and outside the cell
Hypotonic- Solute concentrations are lower inside the cell
Hypertonic-Solute concentrations are higher inside the cell

85
Q
A
86
Q

Plasmolysis

A

Shrunken vacuole causes plants to wilt and cells are in a hypertonic state

87
Q

Cell Theory

A

All organisms are composed of cells
Cells come from preexisting cells
Cell is the smallest unit that exhibits the properties of life

88
Q

5 properties of life

A

Life is organized, requires energy, maintain constancy, ability to grow develop and reproduce, ability to evolve.

89
Q

What are the four structures that ALL cells have?

A

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, region of DNA

90
Q

What does protein synthesis and where are they located__________

A

Ribosomes, located throughout cytoplasm and attached to the RER

91
Q

hairlike bristles that help the cell stick to surfaces

A

Fimbriae/Pili

92
Q

Region where DNA is located in Prokaryotic cells

A

Nucleoid-since they don’t have a nucleus with an envelope

93
Q

Sticky outer coat that surrounds the cell wall and provides protection and helps the cell stick to surfaces

A

Capsule

94
Q

Taillike appendage that enables the cell to move

A

Flagellum

95
Q

Functions in forming a semipermeable boundary that separates the DNA from the chemical reactions occurring in the cytoplasm.

A

Nucleus- located near the center of the cell

96
Q

Functions in modifying newly synthesized proteins and is located near the center of the cell and is attached to the nucleus

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

97
Q

Functions in lipid synthesis and is located near the center of the cell

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

98
Q

Functions in refining, storing, and distributing the lipids and proteins made in the endoplasmic reticulum

A

Golgi Apparatus

99
Q

Functions as storage centers or transport agents

A

Vesicles

100
Q

Function in storing sugars, amino acids, wastes, and water.

A

Vacuoles- plants have a large vacuole takes up 30-90% of the cell space

101
Q

Function in intracellular digestion and causes apoptosis

A

Lysosomes

102
Q

Found in breaking down hydrogen peroxide and alcohol

A

Peroxisomes

103
Q

Functions in cellular respiration to form energy carrier ATP

A

Mitochondria

104
Q

Functions in maintaining the cell shape, movement, and keeping organelles and cell structures in place or move them to different locations

A

Cytoskeleton

105
Q

Contains cellulose to provide support and protection for plant cells

A

Cell wall

106
Q

Tiny strands of cytoplasm that extend between the cell wall of adjacent cells to allow material to move

A

Plasmodesmata- plant cells only

107
Q

carries out photosynthesis to produce sugars from carbon dioxide and water

A

Chloroplasts- plant cells only

108
Q

Barrel shaped organelles that produce and organize microtubules for cell movement and spindle fibers for cell division

A

Centrioles- animal cells only

109
Q

What are the four components that make up the nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope- outer membrane that regulates material movement, has pores
nucleoplasm- Jellylike fluid inside nucleus
nucleolus- dense region where ribosomes are synthesized
DNA- genetic material

110
Q

What structures of the cytoskeleton regular movement within the cell and maintain cell shape

A

Microtubules, Microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

111
Q

What structures of the cytoskeleton function in cell movement

A

Cilia, Flagella, and Microvilli composed of microtubules of microfilaments

112
Q

Largest structure of the cytoskeleton that keeps organelles and cell structures in place or move them to different locations

A

Microtubules

113
Q

Fine, threadlike cytoskeletal structures that reinforce the cell shape and aid in the contraction and movement of cells

A

Microfilaments

114
Q

Thinnest of the cytoskeletal structures that reinforce cell shape

A

Intermediate filaments

115
Q

Cilia, Flagella, Microvilia

A

Cilia-hairlike structures projecting from surface of the cell-composed of microtubules
Flagella- thin structure to propel cell forward- composed of microtubules
Microvilli- tiny fingerlike structures from the surface of a cell-composed of microfilaments

116
Q
A
117
Q

Ideal state for animal cells and ideal state for plant cells

A

animals-isotonic
plants- hypotonic (vacuole swells and provides turgor pressure)

Hypertonic is never ideal-this is dehydration

118
Q
A

Prokaryotic Cell

119
Q
A

Eukaryotic Plant Cell

120
Q
A

Eukaryotic Animal Cell

121
Q

As temperature increases, what happens to the rate of dissolution of alka-seltzer

A

Hot water causes the molecules to move faster and therefore will dissolve faster
“the hotter the water temp the faster the alkaselzter will dissolve”

122
Q

Enzymes are made from what biological molecule?

A

Proteins

123
Q

Iodine turns what color in the presence of starch

A

Blue-Black

124
Q

Benedicts reagent turns what color in the presents of high concentrations of sugar

A

Red/orange

125
Q

If you test a substance with Sudan IV and the top layer turns red, what is present

A

lipids

126
Q
A

R's Biology 1 (8 decks)

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