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R's Biology 1 > Lab Exam 3 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is produced in sexual reproduction

A

Gametes- sperm and egg

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2
Q

What is produced when gametes fertilize?

A

zygote

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3
Q

Meiosis divides the ________

A

Meiosis divides the NUCLEUS

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4
Q

At the end of meiosis and cytokinesis four haploid cells have been produced from _______

A

from one diploid cell

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5
Q

Gametes are ______ and the zygote is ______

A

Gametes are HAPLOID and the zygote is DIPLOID

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6
Q

What is a tetrad

A

Homologous chromosomes-
Two chromosomes in a matching pair that carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristic

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7
Q

Meiosis 1 divides _______and Meiosis 2 divides ________

A

Meiosis 1 divides THE HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES and Meiosis 2 divides THE SISTER CHROMATIDS IN BOTH CELLS AT THE SAME TIME

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8
Q

What phase does crossing over occur?
What phase does independent assortment occur?

A

Crossover-Prophase 1

Ind. Assortment- Metaphase 1

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9
Q

Define Gametogenesis

A

Development of gametes in the gonads
(Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis in the testes and ovaries)

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10
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20
Q

____________Is the transmission of genetic material from one generation to the next

A

REPRODUCTION is the transmission of genetic material from one generation to the next

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21
Q

Distinguish between diploid and haploid cells

A

Diploid- two copies of every chromosome
Haploid- one copy of every chromosome

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22
Q

Chromosomal pairs are called _________

A

homologous chromosomes.
They have the same shape, length, centromere location, and gene assortment

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23
Q

What is the result of meiosis

A

4 daughter cells

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24
Q

In Meiosis, if a parent cell has 48 chromosomes, each daughter cell will have ______ chromosomes

A

24 (half of the original number)

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25
Q

What are the three processes involved in sexual reproduction?

A

Meiosis (half # of chromosomes)
Formation of gametes (sperm and egg)
Fertilization (forming a zygote)

26
Q

What is the difference between anaphase 1 and anaphase 2?

A

1- homologous chromosomes separate
2- sister chromatids separate.

27
Q

Why is it important for both sperm and egg to have the haploid number of chromosomes

A

So the number does not double when fertilizing sperm with egg.

28
Q

During what phases are chromosomes diploid

A

Prophase 1 and metaphase 1

29
Q

What is crossing over?

A

an exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids.

30
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A
31
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A
32
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A
33
Q

What are the two forms of reproduction and how does each occur?

A

Asexual- mitosis-diploid to diploid
Sexual- Meiosis- diploid to haploid

34
Q

Main advantage to sexual reproduction?

A

Genetic variation

35
Q

What makes up the cell cycle for sexual reproduction?

A

Interphase (G1, S, G2) Meiosis (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase)
and Cytokinesis

36
Q

Define Genetics

A

The study of heredity

37
Q

Define Heredity

A

The transmission of traits from one generation to the next

38
Q

What is a gene

A

a section of DNA that codes for heritable traits

39
Q

What is an allele

A

the unique nucleotide sequences of a gene that code for specific traits

40
Q

Phenotype vs Genotype

A

Phenotype is the expressed trait
Genotype is the expressed and repressed alleles that were inherited

41
Q

What is the chi square test

A

Statistical test used to determine whether there is a significant difference between the expected values and the observed value.

42
Q

Genetic Inheritance

A

The study of heredity to explore the transmission of traits from one generation to the next

43
Q

Genotypic ratio

A

Homo dominant: hetero : homo recessive

44
Q

Phenotypic ratio

A

expressed genes
dominant : recessive

45
Q

What is used to identify the genotype of an organism

A

Test cross

46
Q

Monohybrid cross vs dihybrid cross

A

Mono- 1 gene
Di- 2 genes

47
Q

Mendels law of segregation

A

Two genes of each pair are separated from each other during meiosis, so the end up on different gametes.
Explains traits in monohybrid cross

48
Q

Mendels law of Independent assortment

A

Genes on pairs of homologous chromosomes have been sorted out for distribution into one gamete or another.
Explains traits in dihybrid cross

49
Q

Why do ecologists use survivorship curves?

A

To visualize how the number of individuals in a population drops off with time

50
Q

What is a cohort

A

a group of individuals of the same species, in the same population, born at the same time

51
Q

Type 1
Type 2
Type 3

A

1- low death rate during early and middle life then drops steeply
2- straight downward trend showing constant death rate over lifespan
3-drops steeply in the beginning then flattens out.

52
Q

What two key factors determine changes in population size

A

Survivorship when competition increases due to low levels of immigration/emigration
Reproductive rate- higher survival=more reproduction

53
Q

_____ is the study of heredity to explore the transmission of traits from one generation to the next

A

Genetics

54
Q

Describe how to set up a genotypic ratio

A

homo dom : hetero : homo rec

55
Q

How many traits does a dihybrid look at?

A

2

56
Q

Diploid cells have pairs of genes on pairs of homologous chromosomes. The two genes of each pair are separated from each other during meiosis, so the end up in different games. This law is an example of ________

A

Mendel’s Law of Segregation

57
Q

Which law explains how traits are inherited in a monohybrid cross

A

segregation

58
Q

The __________ is a statistical formula used to determine whether what was observed in an adequate approximation of what was expected for a given expected ratio

A

Chi square goodness of fit test

59
Q

What is the purpose of the expected raio?

A

The expected values are rarely identical to the observed values but will be similar statistically. The chi square test determines whether any deviations from the expected values are due to something other than chance.

60
Q

What are degrees of freedom

A

Measurement of the number of values in a statistical test that are free to vary without influencing the results of the statistics.

R's Biology 1 (8 decks)

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