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R's Biology 1 > Lab Exam 4 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Predators

A

Organisms that obtain their nutrients by eating other organisms

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2
Q

Prey

A

Organisms that are eaten by predators

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3
Q

Predation

A

The gathering and processing of food, whether the food is plant or animal

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4
Q

What two factors can cause organisms to go dormant or migrate

A

Temperature and humidity changes

This changes prey abundance which changes predator response

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5
Q

Numerical Response

A

Long term response that involves several reproductive cycles

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6
Q

Functional Response

A

Short term response that involves changes in the behavior of the predator

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7
Q

Which type of response has a stabilizing effect on prey abundance?

Which has destabilizing effect?

A

Stabilizing effect: Numerical Response

Destabilizing effect: Functional Response

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8
Q

Which type of response involves predators harvesting prey in quantities rather than by individual captures
Ex: Filter feeders and herbivores like deer

A

Type 1 Functional Response

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9
Q

Which type of response involves predators capturing prey one at a time?
Ex: Herbivores like squirrels

A

Type 2 Functional Response

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10
Q

Which type of response involves predators modifying their predatory habits based on experience
Ex: Omnivores and carnivores

A

Type 3 Functional Response

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11
Q

What is handling time?

A

The time it takes for the predator to find and consume their prey

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12
Q

What is an Ecosystem

A

Interactions between living organisms and their nonliving environment- interactions between biotic and abiotic factors

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13
Q

Energy flows ______ because________

A

one way through an ecosystem because energy transfers are inefficient
10% rule

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14
Q

10% rule

A

10% of energy is used by the organism to drive chemical reactions and increase biomass. 90% is lost in the form of heat

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15
Q

_________ are the positions organisms occupy in a food chain or food web

A

Trophic levels

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16
Q

Which chemicals can cycle locally vs globally?

A

Locally- solid chemicals like Phosphorus, potassium and calcium
Globally- gasses like nitrogen, water, oxygen, carbon

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17
Q

In an environment, the living factors are the ________ and the nonliving parts are the ________

A

Living-Biotic
Nonliving- Abiotic

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18
Q

Examples of Abiotic factors

A

air, temperature, soil, salinity, mineral content, pH, light, humidity.

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19
Q

Examples of Biotic factors

A

Bacteria, archaea, protists, plants, fungi, animal

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20
Q

What is the most important energy source?

A

light energy

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21
Q

What are the 7 types of Heterotrophs?

A

Herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, parasites, scavengers, detritivores, and decomposers

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22
Q

Herbivores eat_____
Carnivores eat ______
Omnivores eat _____

A

Herbivores eat plants
Carnivores eat flesh of animals
Omnivores eat plant and animal

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23
Q

Parasites _____
Scavengers feed _____ (this is on the test)
detritivores eat______
decomposers feed ______

A

Parasites live inside or on living host eating tissue
Scavengers feed on refuse
Detritivores eat organic matter
Decomposers feed on organic wastes and remains

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24
Q

A _________ is a sequence of steps by which energy captured by autotrophs is transferred to organisms at successively higher trophic levels

A

A food chain

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25
Q

A ________ forms from cross connecting food chains that illustrate the trophic interactions among species in a particular ecosystem

A

A food web

26
Q

The first trophic level is ____ and includes ____

A

The first trophic level is PRIMARY PRODUCERS and includes AUTOTROPHS

27
Q

The second trophic level is ______ and includes ______

A

The second trophic level is PRIMARY CONSUMERS and includes HERBIVORES, OMNIVORES, AND PARASITES

28
Q

The third trophic level is the ________ and includes ______

A

The third trophic level is the SECONDARY CONSUMERS and includes ANYTHING THAT EATS PRIMARY CONSUMERS

29
Q

What does the final trophic level include

A

Detritivores and decomposers

30
Q

Why is 5 the max number of trophic levels energy can go through?

A

Because 90% is always lost as heat. The more trophic levels the less energy is obtained

31
Q

Define Biosphere

A

The sum of all the places you find life on Earth

32
Q

What are the 3 parts that make up the biosphere

A

Lithosphere (Land), Hydrosphere (Water), and Atmosphere (Air)

33
Q

Define Biome

A

Large geographical area made up of a group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar communities

34
Q

The _____ determines the habitat features and what plants and animals can reside in the ecosystem

A

the CLIMATE determines the habitat features

35
Q

Why is biodiversity important?

A

It provides food, industrial products, and medicines that improve the human quality of life.

36
Q

Why does biodiversity need to be preserved ?

A

To be able to support human quality of life as well as that of other species.
Biodiversity is threatened by human activities.

37
Q

What are two important determining climate features that affect life within a biome?

A

Temperature and rainfall

38
Q

Polar regions

A

coldest biome consisting of two regions (North and South)
Very dry with little precipitation
No biodiversity-no plants can survive the cold
Animals include : polar bears, seals, walruses, penguins.

39
Q

Tundra regions

A

very cold and dry
Permafrost happens here (permanently frozen layer of soil)
Has months of total darkness
Plants: mosses, grasses, small trees
Animals: caribou, arctic foxes, oxen

40
Q

Tiaga regions

A

Very cold and some rain.
Can support trees but must be adapted to cold (i.e needle bearing trees)
Plants: Pines, firs, spruces (all conifers)
Animals: Elk, wolves, bears, fox

41
Q

Temperate forest regions

A

Seasonal temperatures and moderate-high precipitation
Temperature fluctuations
Plants: Deciduous trees, shrubs, flowering plants
Animals: Bears, wolves, deer, fox, squirrel, rabbits…

42
Q

Temperate grassland regions

A

Midwest of US.
Extreme seasonal temperatures, moderate precipitation
Endangered Biome because agricultural usage.
LESS THAN 1% REMAINS
Plants: grasses, flowering plants, herbs, legumes
Animals: bison, coyotes, badgers, ferrets, rabbits

43
Q

Savanna regions

A

Hot deserts of Africa, South America, and Australia
Steady temperatures, moderate precipitation
Dry season leads to fires
Plants: grasses, plants, herbs, legumes, Trees must be drought resistant- acacias, bushwillow
Animals: elephants, lions, giraffes, zebras, rhino

44
Q

Desert regions

A

Found above and below tropical forests
Extreme temperature fluctuations between day and night
Little precipitation-unpredictable
Plants: cacti, succulents that have adapted to store water
Animal: reptiles, jackrabbits, vultures, owls, camels

45
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46
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47
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48
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49
Q
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50
Q

_______ is the evaporation of water through the small openings of plants

A

Transpiration

51
Q

As precipitation accumulates, it forms _____

A

run off

52
Q

When runoff sinks into the ground it is called _______, and when it is taken up by organisms it is called ________

A

infiltration
absorption

53
Q

_______ is an important building component for the proteins and nucleic acids for organisms

A

Nitrogen

54
Q

Nitrogen is mostly found where?

A

In the soils and sediments of bodies of water, atmosphere, and biomasses of living organisms

55
Q

What is nitrogen fixing?

A

Nitrogens pathways to entering an ecosystem. Ex: converting atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia, nitrates, or nitrites.

56
Q

How can nitrogen get fixated naturally?

A

Lightning, bacteria, volcanos

57
Q

Converting Nitrogen containing organic material into ammonia is ________

Ammonia being transferred into nitrates is called _______

Plants absorbing nitrates and ammonia is ______

A

Ammonification

Nitrification

Assimilation

58
Q

Acid rain is _____

A

Nitrous oxide (N2O) + water vapor
This is done by burning fossil fuels

59
Q

Sudden abundance of phosphorus can lead to ___________ which is______

A

Eutrophication- a sudden increase in nutrients that lead to rapid growth, which causes massive decrease in oxygen, causing organisms to die off.

60
Q
A

R's Biology 1 (8 decks)

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