Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

R's Biology 1 > Lecture Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards

Life, Chemistry, Molecules

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

5 Characteristics of life

A

Life is organized
Life Requires energy
Life maintains homeostasis- internal constancy
Life grows, develops, and reproduces
Life Evolves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Producers vs Consumers

A

Autotrophs (producers) can do photosynthesis
Heterotrophs (consumers) like animals. Cannot make our own food, so humans are consumers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List the levels of organization in order

A

Atoms
Molecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
multicelled organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem (Biome)
Biosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Taxonomy Hierarchy

A

Dear King Phillip Came Over For Good Sex

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Specific epithet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the three Domains and how are they divided

A

Divided based on components of the cells
Archaea- no muramic acid in cell walls Bacteria- had Muramic acid in cell walls
Eukarya- Many lack cell walls, has a nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which Domains contain a nucleus

A

Only Eukarya. Has Nucleus and membrane bound organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How are Kingdoms divided, and what are the names of the kingdoms?

A

Divided based on how they get their energy
Animalia-Internally digests food
Protista- “catch all” group
Fungi- externally absorbs food
Plantae-Photosynthesis food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Steps to the Scientific method

A

Observe a phenomenon
Develop a hypothesis
Make a prediction
Design a test
Carry out the test
Analyze results and repeat test
Accept or reject hypothesis
Repeat tests again
Communicate results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Prediction

A

A statement of some condition that should exist if the hypothesis is not proved wrong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Inductive logic

A

using observations to arrive at generalizations
specific to general

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Deductive logic

A

Drawing a specific conclusion from generalizations
general to specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Independent Variable vs Dependent Variable

A

The dependent variable is dependent on the change. What we measure.
The independent variable is what we change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Atom

A

Building blocks that make up all living and nonliving material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Molecule

A

Atoms bonded together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Organelle

A

a group of molecules that work together to perform a particular function ex: nucleus, mitochondria, golgi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cell

A

smallest unit that exhibits all the characteristics of life. ex: muscle fibers, osteocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Tissue

A

Two or more types of cells that work together to perform a particular function ex: cartilage, bone, blood, muscle, nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Organ

A

Two or more types of tissues that work together to perform a particular function
Ex: skin, heart, lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Organ System

A

two or more types of organs that work together to perform a particular function
Ex: skeletal system, muscular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Multicelled Organism

A

two or more types of organ systems that work together to perform a particular function
Ex: fungi, plants, animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Population

A

all the individuals of a single species in a specific area
Ex: humans, cardinals, dogs and cats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Community

A

all the individuals of ALL species in a specific area
Ex: a cat hunting a mouse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Ecosystem

A

The interaction between individuals and their environment in a specific area
Ex: birds nesting in trees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Biome

A

environmental aspect of the ecosystem, named for the dominant vegetation
ex: grasslands, tropical forests, deserts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Biosphere

A

Outer layer of Earth capable of supporting life.
Contains lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Describe the subatomic particles of an atom

A

Proton is in the center, + charge
Neutron in the center, no charge
Electron is in constant motion in orbitals, - charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the atomic number and what is the atomic mass

A

Atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus
Atomic mass is the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Isotopes

A

two of the same atoms that have different number of neutrons. Referred to by their mass number.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which component of the atom participates in bonding?

A

the valence electrons only, which are in constant movement, but never collide since they are in different orbitals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

When is an atom most stable?

A

when the valence shell is full: when it resembles a noble gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How many orbitals and electrons are in each shell?

A

1st shell has 1 orbital, 2 electrons.
2nd and 3rd shell has 4 orbitals each, holding 8 electrons each
3rd shell has 9 orbitals and can hold 18 electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Describe a molecule from a bonding perspective

A

a molecule forms when two or more atoms join in chemical bonds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is important about compounds? Give examples

A

Compounds always exist in their fixed ratios.
Glucose 6:12:6
H2O 2:1
Salt 1:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Mixture

A

can vary in proportions because the substances intermingle but DO NOT break the chemical bonds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Explain the three types of bonds

A

Ionic- transfer of electrons, atoms become cations or anions
Covalent- sharing of electrons, can be polar or non polar
Hydrogen bonds- weak on their own but very strong in numbers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Hydrogen is considered a _________ atom

A

a filler atom. Very important to stabilize molecules such as water and DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Properties of Water

A

High specific heat capacity (temperature stabilizing effects)
Polarity- leads to cohesion (high surface tension)
Adhesion
Solvent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Water forms _______ % of most living organisms

A

60% (human)- 90% (squid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Water can affect a cells ______ and ______

A

Water can affect a cells STRUCTURE and SHAPE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Solvent vs Solute

A

Solvent does the dissolving
Solute is dissolved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is an example of hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules

A

Hydrophobic is lipids
Hydrophilic is carbs, proteins, nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Acids vs Bases

A

Acids release H and Bases release OH in solution. If more H a solution is acidic, if more OH solution is basic. 1-6 acidic, -7-8 neutral, 9-14 basic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Buffer

A

a pair of weak acids and bases that resist changes to pH. Bodys buffer system allows cells to rapidly respond to shifts. ex: bicarbonate in body will balance for acid reflux

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Why is carbon so important

A

It is the backbone of all biological molecules. It can make 4 bonds. I can decide shape- linear or cyclic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the mechanisms to build and break molecules

A

Condensation (Dehydration) will covalently bond molecules and expel a water.
Hydrolysis will break up molecules and use water to do so.

Condensation will form bonds and store energy
Hydrolysis will break bonds and release energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are the four families of biological molecules

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the most abundant biological molecule in nature?

A

Carbs-this includes sugars, starches, and cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are carbs used for in cells

A

structure in membranes and instant energy-we can break down carbs fast for immediate use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are the four classes of carbs?

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are considered the building blocks of carbs?

A

Monosaccharides. These are simple sugars: Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Where can you find Glucose?
Fructose?
Galactose?

A

Glucose is found in fruits and vegetables. It is the main component of photosynthesis
Fructose is the sweetest (hence most addictive) and found in fruit and honey
Galactose is the sugar in milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is the chemical formula for Glucose, Fructose and Galactose?

A

All have the same formula: C6H12O6. They differ in their arrangement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What makes up Maltose, Lactose, and Sucrose? What is the bond type

A

Glucose-Glucose
Glucose-Galactose
Glucose- Fructose
Glycosidic bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Where can you find Maltose, Lactose, and Sucrose?

A

Maltose- cereal, crackers, bread, and beer.
Lactose- milk, cheese, ice cream
Sucrose-Table sugar, brown sugar

55
Q

What are oligosaccharides?

A

short chain sugars. 3-100 monomers. Found in Alternative sweeteners. Also found on blood cells

56
Q

What are considered complex carbohydrates?

A

Polysaccharides-100+ monosaccharides.

57
Q

What are the common polysaccharides?

A

Glycogen, Starch, Cellulose (for the OAT must know chitin)

58
Q

What is the difference in animal sugar storage vs plant sugar storage?

A

Animals store sugars as glycogen. Plants store sugars as starch

59
Q

What is cellulose used for?

A

Plants use cellulose in their cell walls to provide support and protection. Animals cannot digest cellulose.
Allows plants to stand upright

60
Q

Purposes of Lipids and building blocks

A

Building blocks are glycerol molecules and fatty acids.
Used for energy reservoirs, structural materials, signaling molecules.

61
Q

Why wont lipids mix in water?

A

lipids are non polar.

62
Q

What are the classes of lipids?

A

fats, phospholipids, waxes, sterols

63
Q

Saturated fats vs unsaturated fats

A

Saturated fats are the “bad” fats. All single bonds. Can stack densely, solid at room temp.
Unsaturated has double bonds allowing for kinks. Allows for air pockets and can be liquid at room temp. (as a liquid it will not cause a blockage)

64
Q

What is the riches reservoir of energy in your body?

A

Triglycerides. Holds twice the energy of glycogen because of more bonds.
This makes up our adipose tissue

65
Q

Glycerol backbone with two fatty acid tails and a polar head. Amphipathic

A

Phospholipid. Makes up membranes around cells and organelles.

66
Q

When molecules need to enter a cell, why do they not get stuck in the membrane?

A

Because the outer side of the membrane is polar, attracting the molecule, and the inner side is hydrophobic=not conducive to the molecule being moved. It is attracted to the polar head on the inside of the cell.

67
Q

How do different organisms use waxes?

A

Plants have a cuticle (wax covering leaves and stems) to restrict water loss, waterproof, and UV protection
Birds waterproof feathers
Mammals protect lubricate and lend pliability to skin and hair

68
Q

Purposes of Sterols

A

maintain membrane structure. ex: cholesterol. Allows for fluidity or rigidity in membrane
Sterols have a rigid backbone of 4 C rings and NO fatty acids

69
Q

What is considered the most diverse biological molecule?

A

Protein.
It has so many functions: structure, transport, messenger, enzyme, movement, defense

70
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

Many various combinations of the 20 Amino Acids- each amino acid contains NH3-C-CO2- R group

71
Q

A proteins function is dependent on ________

A

its shape

72
Q

How are amino acids linked?

A

peptide bonds.

73
Q

What are the steps in making a protein

A

Primary structure- polypeptide chain
Secondary Structure- Alpha helix and Beta pleated Sheets
Tertiary- pieces begin to bond together
Quaternary- two or more polypeptide chains that work together to form a functional protein.

74
Q

What can alter a proteins shape and therefore its function. What can these lead to?

A

High temperatures, excessive salt, shifts in pH.
Leads to denaturation

75
Q

What is denaturation

A

when proteins lose their 3d structure and their function is destroyed.

76
Q

DNA and RNA are two types of _______ ______.
DNA ______ and RNA _________ genetic information

A

DNA and RNA are two types of NUCLEIC ACIDS.
DNA STORES and RNA TRANSMITS genetic information

77
Q

What does RNA do?
What are the bases?

A

RNA transmits genetic information from the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm to help make proteins
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil

78
Q

What does DNA do? What are the bases

A

DNA stores genetic information in the nucleus and is used to code for proteins and RNA
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine

79
Q

What are nucleotides?

A

Contains a Pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base. (A,C,G,T,U)
Energy carriers, enzyme helpers, messengers, and building blocks of DNA/RNA.
They are essential for metabolism, survival and reproduction

80
Q

RNA vs DNA structure

A

Deoxy-without oxygen on the #2 Carbon

81
Q

Three components of cell theory

A

Organisms consist of one or more cells
The cell is the smallest unit that displays the properties of life
All cells give rise to other cells

82
Q

What are the four things ALL cells have?

A

Plasma membrane (an outer barrier defining the border of the cell), cytoplasm (gel like material to suspend and provide support), ribosomes (protein synthesis), and DNA (genetic material)

83
Q

What types of cells do not have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles? Give 2 examples

A

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus. This includes bacteria and archaea.

84
Q

What are the common bacterial shapes we need to know

A

Coccus- spherical
Bacillus- rod
Spiralium spiral

85
Q

What can be found in prokaryotic cells?

A

All cells have plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and DNA
Prokaryotic cells are always unicellular

Capsule- sticky outer coat
Cell wall- rigid outer layer
Pili- protein filaments allow cell to attach and transfer genetic material
Flagellum- “tail” for aquatic like environment
Nucleoid region-DNA clusters here

Not all cells have all of these.

86
Q

Label the cell

A

Prokaryotic example

87
Q

What is a capsule and where can it be found

A

found in prokaryotic cells
Capsule is a sticky outer coat that surrounds the cell wall, providing protection and helping the cell stick to surfaces. Composed of lipids proteins and carbs. Thicker than the cell wall

88
Q

What is the purpose of the cell wall and where can it be found?

A

Rigid outer layer that surrounds the plasma membrane, providing protection and shape to the cell.
Found in Prokaryotic cells. Made of Cellulose

89
Q

What is the purpose of the Plasma membrane and where can it be found?

A

All cells of all types have a plasma membrane. Thin outer layer that separates metabolic activities from the random events outside and regulates the material moving in and out of the cell.

90
Q

What are ribosomes and where are the found

A

All cells have ribosomes
Found in the cytoplasm and on Rough ER.
Ribosomes are small protein structures that synthesize proteins.

91
Q

Nucleus vs Nucleoid region

A

Nucleus is found in eukaryotic cells-houses DNA material in the nucleolus
Nucleoid region is an area within prokaryotic cells where DNA material stays-NOT surrounded by a membrane

92
Q

Pili vs Flagellum

A

Pili-protein filaments that help the cell attach to surfaces and transfer genetic material into the environment for other bacterium to pick up (good for reproduction)
Flagellum- “tail” that helps with movement.

Neither pili or flagellum are found on all bacteria. Some have both, some have 1, some have neither

93
Q

What makes up the plasma membrane? How is it organized?
Purpose?

A

Composed of phospholipids, proteins and some carbohydrates.
Semi-permeable Phospholipid bilayer- polar heads facing out and nonpolar tails in the middle.
Purpose is to regulate material moving in and out of the cell

94
Q

What is contained in the cytoplasm?

A

fluid gel like substance that contains organelles, composed of water, ions, and biological molecules

95
Q
A
96
Q

Molecules tend to flow with the concentration gradient from areas of _______ to _______ concentration until _________ is achieved.

A

Molecules tend to flow with the concentration gradient from areas of HIGHER to LOWER concentration until BALANCE is achieved.

97
Q

Types of Passive Transport

A

No energy required

Simple diffusion-O2 and CO2 easily crossing membrane
Osmosis- water crossing membrane
Facilitated diffusion- solutes (charged ion, larger molecules like monosaccharides) move through membrane proteins

98
Q

Types of Active Transport

A

Require energy

Membrane proteins moving solutes against the concentration gradient. Ex: Na-K pump (this is how our body counters gravity)

99
Q

Isotonic
Hypotonic
Hypertonic

A

Isotonic-equal concentration inside and outside the cell
Hypotonic-solute concentrations are higher inside the cell
Hypertonic-solute concentrations are lower inside the cell-Dehydration occurs

100
Q

What is the preferred tonicity state for animal cells? for plant cells?

A

Animals prefer isotonic
Plants prefer Hypotonic-allows for turgor pressure (plasmolysis occurs if hypertonic)

101
Q

What is each picture representing and what will happen to each cell?

A

Remember: water follows the solute

102
Q

Endocytosis vs exocytosis

A

endocytosis engulfs larger molecules and fluids
Exocytosis expels large molecules and fluids
“Large Molecules” can be biological molecules and cell debris

103
Q

Ribosomes

A

Composed of RNA
Assembled inside the nucleolus and found on RER and Cytoplasm
Used in protein synthesis- forms peptide bond between amino acids

104
Q

Where do proteins become primary structures? Where do proteins begin to get their function?

A

Proteins are first synthesized in ribosomes (primary structure) then sent to Rough ER where they become functional (tertiary or quaternary)
Not all proteins have to go to a free ribosome

105
Q

Why aren’t ribosomes membrane bound organelles?

A

NO membrane- remember they are also found in prokaryotic cells which do not have membrane bound organelles

106
Q

Rough ER vs Smooth Er

A

Rough ER has ribosomes to synthesize proteins then the ER will modify these with enzymes
Smooth ER is the site for lipid synthesis, used in cell membranes, fatty acid breakdown and toxin degradation

107
Q

What is the “FEDEX” of the cell? Why?

A

Golgi Apparatus- Organizes the proteins and lipids and packages them up with chains of sugars that act as chemical signatures to direct them to other parts of the cell.

108
Q

Which organelle is the site of sugar synthesis

A

Golgi Apparatus

109
Q

What organelle is the powerhouse of the cell?

A

Mitochondria. Specializes in ATP formation and important for cellular respiration

110
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Uses oxygen to obtain chemical energy from molecules of sugar and packages released energy into ATP (the energy that drives chemical reactions)

111
Q

Fun facts about mitochondrias

A

They have their own DNA, RNA, and Ribosomes. Divide on their own. This supports endosymbiotic theory

112
Q
A
113
Q

How do proteins and lipids get from their respective organelles to the golgi apparatus?

A

Proteins and lipids coming from the rough and smooth er get to the golgi via Transport Vesicles

114
Q

How do finished products get from the golgi to outside of the cell?

A

Secretory Vesicles

115
Q

Where can you find peroxisomes?

A

liver and kidney cells mostly, but all cells can have them

116
Q

What part of the cell can perform apoptosis?

A

Lysosomes. They can break down carbs to monosaccharides and proteins into amino acids….

117
Q

Purpose of Vacuoles

A

stores sugars, amino acids, wastes and water to be used later.
Will be larger in plants

118
Q

Endosymbiotic theory suggests _________
It is supported by _______

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once independent
Supported by both having their own DNA, RNA, Ribosomes, can divide on their own, and are run independently from the cell (although still reliant on the cell for survival)

119
Q

What are plastids, where can they be found?

A

Functions in photosynthesis or storage for plants only
Ex: Chloroplasts, Amyloplasts, Chromoplasts

120
Q

Why are plants green?

A

The chlorophylls within the chloroplasts reflects the green color and absorbs all others for light energy to make glucose.

121
Q

Why do leaves change color in the fall?

A

The carotenoids from the chromoplasts absorb light energy that reflects yellow orange and red.

122
Q

What are Amyloplasts for?

A

Store excess sugars in the form of starch.

123
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Plant cell Junction
Tiny strands of cytoplasm that extend between the cells to allow material to move from one cell to the next.

124
Q

3 Types of Animal Cell Junctions- give examples

A

Gap junction- Heart
Tight Junction- Skin
Desmosomes- cell to cell adhesion to prevent friction and heat

All junctions allow for communication and movement

125
Q

What are the components of the cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments

126
Q

Microtubules

A

Moves cellular structures to different locations and used in cell movement.
This is the “road way” for transport inside the cell.

127
Q

Microfilaments

A

Reinforces cell shape, aids in cell contraction, used in cell movement
Made of Actin

128
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Reinforces cell shape

129
Q

What are 3 different ways the cell can move?

A

Cilia- use microtubules to form hairlike structures - found in lungs
Flagella- uses microtubules to form a “tail” to propel forward- found in sperm
Pseudopods- Microfilaments to elongate and morph around food. -amoebas and found in white blood cells

130
Q

Two main functions of the nucleus

A

Keeps DNA from being tangled or damaged
Semipermeable membrane to control movement of substances in and out

131
Q

Where does the DNA reside within the nucleus?

A

the nucleoplasm

132
Q

What is the purpose of the nucleolus

A

ribosomal subunits are assembled from RNA and Proteins

133
Q

What organelle is the “record keeper” and what does that mean

A

The Golgi apparatus keeps a record of all material it packages. Can show the health of the cell at any point in its existance

R's Biology 1 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions