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R's Biology 1 > Lab Exam 2 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Catalysts that trigger chemical reactions to occur billions of times faster than they would on their own

A

Enzymes

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2
Q

The amount of energy required to drive all chemical reations

A

activation energy

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3
Q

Enzymes usually use ______ to build molecules to store energy and break molecules apart to release energy

A

water

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4
Q

Properties of enzymes

A

Often proteins
Can be used multiple times
specific-have a particular location (active site) that has specific shape for each substrate

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5
Q

What factors can denature an enzyme

A

temperature, pH, salt concentrations

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6
Q

what is the optimal temperature range and pH range for enzymes

A

Temperature 32-105 F
pH 5-9

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7
Q

Where can catalase be found and what makes it unique

A

Mostly in the liver. Protects the cells from the toxic effects of H2O2- it breaks down the H2O2 to be released as H20 and 02

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8
Q

Catalase breaks down ________ into ______

A

Catalase breaks down H2O2 into H2O and O2

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9
Q

DNA is composed of _______ _______ and are __________

A

DNA is composed of TWO STRANDS and are COMPLIMENTARY to each other.
Why? Back up plan; Incase one strand is damaged.

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10
Q

Which bases pair with which and with how many bonds?

A

Adenine pairs with Thymine with 2 hydrogen bonds
Cytosine pairs with Guanine with 3 hydrogen bonds

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11
Q

What are the main steps in protein synthesis?

A

transcription and translation

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12
Q

Transcription

A

DNA is transcribed into RNA

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13
Q

Translation

A

mRNA is translated into a polypeptide chain

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14
Q

During this process, one DNA strand is used as a template to code for a complimentary RNA strand

A

Transcription

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15
Q

During this process, mRNA codes for the order of the amino acids in a polypeptide chain

A

Translation

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16
Q

What is a codon?

A

a set of 3 nitrogenous bases that code for a specific amino acid
Ex: AUG codes for Methionine

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17
Q

What type of mutation occurs when one nucleotide gets swapped out for another?

A

Base pair substitution

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18
Q

What are the two types of base pair substitution mutations

A

Missense- only 1 amino acid is changed
Nonsense- stops the making of the protein prematurely. Protein may function improperly or not at all

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19
Q

What are the two types of frameshift mutations

A

Addition- adding a nucleotide
Deletion- removing a nucleotide

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20
Q

Each DNA strand is composed of ___% coding and ___% noncoding genes

A

2% coding and 98% noncoding

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21
Q

What do nucleotides consist of?

A

(deoxy)Ribose sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base

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22
Q

What kind of bond links the OH of one nucleotide to the phosphate group of the next nucleotide?

A

Phosphodiester bond

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23
Q

How are the two strands of DNA held together in the double helix?

A

hydrogen bonds.
2 between A and T
3 between G and C

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24
Q

Which side of the DNA strand is the “free” strand

A

3’ . Free because this is where the new nucleotides will attach

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25
Q

Why is DNA replication called “semiconservative”?

A

As DNA replicates, one strand is from the parent strand and the other is the new strand.

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26
Q

_________ is an enzyme that runs along the parent strand of DNA to produce a new companion strand

A

DNA polymerase

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27
Q

How are the leading and lagging strands replicated

A

Leading strand continuously
Lagging strand by Okazaki fragments

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28
Q

What are the main differences between DNA and RNA

A

DNA is double stranded and large, uses Thymine
RNA is single stranded and short, uses Uracil

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29
Q

Type of RNA that carries genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes for protein synthesis

A

Messenger RNA

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30
Q

A strand of _______ codes for the order of the amino acids in a prtein

A

mRNA

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31
Q

Type of RNA that is the main component in ribosomes, where protein synthesis occurs

A

Ribosomal RNA

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32
Q

Which type of RNA is most abundant

A

rRNA

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33
Q

when rRNA is made, where does it go and why

A

When rRNA is made it goes to the nucleus with proteins to be formed into a ribosome before going into the cytoplasm

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34
Q

Which type of RNA delivers amino acids one by one to ribosomes

A

tRNA

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35
Q

Which RNA is the smallest

A

tRNA

36
Q

Which RNA uses anticodons

A

tRNA

37
Q

How many tRNA types are there, and why

A

20, because there are 20 possible amino acids. Each tRNA is specific for that amino acid

38
Q

_________ is a process that uses DNA and RNA to assemble amino acids in a specific order to produce a particular protein

A

Protein Synthesis

39
Q

During _______, one DNA template strand is used to code for a complementary RNA strand using the complementary base pairing rules

A

transcription

40
Q

_________ uses the RNA strand to code for the order of the amino acids that form a protein

A

Translation

41
Q

Where does transcription take place

A

in the nucleus

42
Q

What is the initiation event in transcription

A

an enzyme unwinds a gene of DNA to expose the template strand

43
Q

What is the elongation event in transcription

A

RNA polymerase binds to a promoter region

44
Q

What direction does RNA polymerase run along a DNA strand

A

3’-5’, synthesizing the RNA strand in a 5’-3’ direction

45
Q

Where does translation happen

A

in a ribosome

46
Q

Which type of RNA is used in translation?

A

All of them. mRNA strand attaches to a ribosome subunit (made of rRNA) and tRNA then binds to the start codon of the mRNA.

47
Q

A polypeptide chain forms as the peptide bonds hold the ____ together

A

Amino acids

48
Q

What happens to the mRNA strand, ribosomes, and new polypeptide chain after the chain has been released?

A

mRNA goes to lysosome to be broken down and reused, the ribosomes separate back into their subunits to get used again, and the chain gets sent to the rough ER to be shaped into a functional protein

49
Q

Used to deliver amino acids to the ribosomes

A

tRNA

50
Q

Used to code for the order of amino acids

A

mRNA

51
Q

Synthesizes the peptide bond between the amino acids

A

rRNA

52
Q

What direction does RNA polymerase move along the DNA template strand to make the corresponding RNA strand?

A

3’-5’

53
Q

What direction is the RNA stranding synthesized in

A

5’-3’

54
Q

Where is the DNA found in a cell

A

In the nucleus

55
Q

What was the purpose of using Murphys Oil Soap

A

the soap breaks down the lipids of the plasma membrane

56
Q

What was the purpose of using meat tenderizer to extract DNA

A

Breaks down the proteins of the cytoskeleton

57
Q

Why is ice cold ethanol used to extract DNA

A

Ethanol precipitates the DNA since it is not soluble in alcohol

58
Q
A
59
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60
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61
Q
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62
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63
Q
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64
Q
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65
Q
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66
Q
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67
Q
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68
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69
Q
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70
Q

DNA loosely coiled and not dividing

A

Chromatin

71
Q

DNA is supercoiled for dividing

A

Chromosome

72
Q

DNA strand coiled around a histone

A

Nucleosome

73
Q

The cell cycle

A

Interphase (G1, S, G2) Mitosis (PMAT) Cytokinesis

74
Q

What happens in G1, S and G2

A

G1- cell increases in size and performs normal functions
S- DNA Replicates
G2- Proteins that drive cell division are formed

75
Q

Duplicated chromosomes begin to condense, nuclear envelope breaks down, kinetochores attach, centrioles migrate

A

Prophase

76
Q

Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores, chromosomes are completely condensed, chromosomes line up at metaphase plate

A

Metaphase

77
Q

Cell is elongated, sister chromatids of each chromosomes pull apart

A

Anaphase

78
Q

Nuclear envelopes form around each set of chromosomes.

A

Telophase

79
Q

Mitosis _______ the chromosome number

A

Mitosis maintains the chromosome number

80
Q

Divides the cytoplasm to create two daughter cells, each with the same chromosome number as the parent.

A

Cytokinesis

81
Q

Animals use _______ for cytokinesis, plants use ________

A

Animals use contractile ring mechanism, plants use cell plate formation

82
Q

What form is DNA in during every day activities?

A

Chromatins- loosely coiled around histones

83
Q

What form is DNA in when being used for division?

A

Chromosome form-tightly packed

84
Q

Where are sister chromatids held together?

A

Centromere

85
Q

What are the parts necessary to move a chromosome around inside the cell?

A

Spindle fibers connect to kinetochores to safely move chromosomes.

86
Q

Phragmoplasts

A

Plants use cell plate formation to build a cell wall in the middle of the cell to form two daughter cells using phragmoplasts made of microtubules and microfilaments

87
Q
A

R's Biology 1 (8 decks)

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