Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Lecture Exam 2 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Spongy bones are primarily made up of what type of bone structures?

A

Trabeculae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood?

A

Epiphyseal plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is absolutely required for bone growth or healing from a fracture?

A

Osteoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. What is appositional growth?

A

The secretion of a new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The structural unit of compact bone is called ______

A

Osteons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which hormones are primarily involved in regulation of blood calcium?

A

PTH and calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What type of tissue is present at the weight bearing joints such as knees, vertebral disks, etc.

A

Fibrocartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cells of which tissue have one of the highest mitotic rate, line the hollow organs in layers, and are not under voluntary control?

A

Smooth muscle tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which connective tissue functions as the major storage of fuel and may act as insulation?

A

Adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which type of connective tissue is most abundant in the human body and also known as filler tissue?

A

Areolar connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The major difference between hyaline and elastic cartilage is….

A

Hyaline cartilage is glossy and the collagen fibers are not very visible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Chondroblast cells….

A

Divide within and secrete new matrix in a cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which tissue has tensile strength, is avascular, and has cells in lacunae

A

Cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which tissue cells are involved in making coverings, exhibit polarity, are highly mitotic, and may have different shapes?

A

Epithelial tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Connective tissue that provides support, has tensile strength, and acts as calcium reservoir in the body is

A

Bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What type of tissue is involved in communicating with other tissues via electric signals?

A

Nervous tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Basic unit of bone

A

Osteon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is made of concentric rings known as lamellae

A

Osteons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the central canal also called?

A

Haversion canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where are osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts found?

A

In the lacunae, found where the lamellae meet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the function of canaliculi?

A

To connect one lacunae to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the most atypical connective tissue and a fluid?

A

Blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What type of blood cells are most common?

A

Red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does blood tissue contain?

A

White blood cells
Red blood cells
Platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the soluble proteins that precipitate during blood clotting?

A

Fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does the blood tissue function in?

A

Transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a highly vascularized tissue?

A

Muscle tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What tissue is responsible for most types of movement?

A

Muscle tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal

Cardiac

Smooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Is skeletal tissue voluntary?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Is cardiac muscle tissue voluntary?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where is smooth muscle tissue found?

A

Mainly in the walls of hollow organs other that heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Is smooth muscle voluntary?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the main components of nervous system?

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What tissue system regulates and controls body functions?

A

Nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are neurons?

A

Specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is neuroglia?

A

Supporting cells that support insulate and protect neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

When is tissue repair necessary?

A

When barriers are penetrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What occurs in tissue repair?

A

Cells must divid and migrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the two ways in which tissue repair occurs

A

Regeneration and fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What occurs during regeneration?

A

Same kind of tissue replaces destroyed tissue

Original function is restored

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What occurs during fibrosis?

A

Connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue

Original function lost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is step 1 of tissue repair

A

Inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What occurs during inflammation?

A

Severed blood vessels bleed

Inflammatory chemicals are released

Blood vessels become more permeable allowing white blood cells, clotting proteins, and other proteins to seep into area

Clotting occurs, surface dries, a scab is formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is step 2 of tissue repair?

A

Organization restores blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What occurs during organization restoring the blood supply?

A

The clot is replaced by granulation tissue

Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers that bridge the gap

Macrophages phagocytize dead and dying cells

Surface epithelial cells multiply and migrate over granulation tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What happens to surface epithelial cells during step 2 of tissue repair

A

They multiply and migrate over granulation tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is the clot replaced by in step 2 of tissue repair?

A

Granulation tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What bridges the gap made by granulation tissue in tissue repair step 2?

A

Collagen fibers made by fibroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is step 3 of tissue repair?

A

Regeneration and fibrosis affect permanent repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What occurs during step 3 of tissue repair?

A

The fibrosis area matures and contracts

Epithelium thickens

A fully regenerated epithelium with an underlying area of scar tissue results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What happens to the epithelium in step 3 of tissue repair?

A

It thickens, is fully regenerated with underlying scar tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

which canal in the compact bone contains blood vessels and nerve fibers

A

the central “Haversion” canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Which canal is lined with endosteum?

A

Perforating (volkmann’s canals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is the purpose of the volkmanns canal/perforating canal

A

to connect blood vessels and nerves of periosteum, medullary cavity, and central canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what are lacunae?

A

small cavities that contain osteocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what are canaliculi?

A

hair like canals that connect lacunae to each other and central canal

58
Q

What is interstitial growth?

A

Growth in length of long bones

59
Q

What occurs during interstitial growth?

A

Epiphyseal plate thins and is replaced by bone

60
Q

When does interstitial growth occur?

A

Near end of adolescence chondroblasts divide less often

61
Q

What occurs during epiphyseal plate closure?

A

bone lengthening ceases

bone of epiphysis and diaphysis fuses

62
Q

When does epiphyseal plate closure occur for women?

A

about 18

63
Q

When does epiphyseal plate closure occur for men?

A

About 21

64
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

Growth in width

65
Q

Appositional growth allows bone to _______

A

widen

66
Q

Which growth occurs throughout life?

A

Appositional growth

67
Q

What occurs during appositional growth

A

osteoblasts beneath periosteum secrete bone matrix on external bone

Osteoclasts remove bone on endosteal surface

68
Q

What occurs more in appositional growth, breaking down bone or building up?

A

building up, usually resulting in thicker stronger bone that is not too heavy

69
Q

Which hormone is most important in stimulating epiphyseal plate activity in infancy and childhood

A

growth hormone

70
Q

which hormone modulates activity of growth hormone, and ensures proper proportions?

A

thyroid hormone

71
Q

Which hormone promotes adolescent growth spurts, and end growth by inducing epiphyseal plate closure?

A

Testosterone in men and estrogen in women

72
Q

Excesses or deficits of any hormone will cause ______ skeletal growth

A

abnormal

73
Q

How does PTH control blood calcium levels?

A

It removes calcium from bone regardless of bone integrity

74
Q

How does calcitonin control blood calcium levels?

A

High doses can lower blood calcium levels temporarily

75
Q

Where is PTH produced?

A

The parathyroid glands

76
Q

Where is calcitonin produced?

A

The parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland

77
Q

What are the risk factors of osteoporosis?

A

Petite body form

insufficient exercise

diet poor in calcium

smoking

hormone related conditions

78
Q

what hormone related conditions can contribute to osteoporosis risk

A

Hyperthyroidism

low blood levels of thyroid stimulating hormone

diabetes mellitus

79
Q

Who is most likely to get osteoporosis

A

Aged post menopausal women

80
Q

Plenty of calcium in the diet in early adulthood can reduce risk of

A

osteoporosis

81
Q

Reduced carbonated beverage and alcohol consumption can reduce risk of

A

osteoporosis

82
Q

plenty of weight bearing exercise can help reduce risk of

A

osteoporosis

83
Q

How does alcohol and carbonated beverage consumption affect risk of osteoporosis

A

It leaches minerals from bone so decreases bone density

84
Q

How can weight bearing exercise help prevent osteoporosis?

A

It increases bone mass above normal for a buffer against age related bone loss

85
Q

What are sinuses?

A

Mucosa lined air filled spaces

86
Q

What do sinuses do?

A

Lighten the skull

warm and humidify air

enhance resonance of voice

87
Q

where are sinuses found?

A

frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, ethmoid bones

88
Q

What is an intervertebral disc?

A

A cushion like pad between vertebra

89
Q

What does the intervetrebral disc do?

A

absorbs shock, allows spine to flee and extend

90
Q

What are the two parts the intervertebral disc is composed of?

A

nucleus pulposus

annulus fibrosus

91
Q

what is the nucleus pulposus?

A

Inner gelatinous nucleus of the intervertebral disc

92
Q

what is the function of the nucleus pulposus in the intervertebral disc?

A

Gives disc elasticity and compressibility

93
Q

What is the annulus fibrosis?

A

outer collar of intervertebral disc

made out of collagen and fibrocartilage

94
Q

What is the purpose of annulus fibrosus in the intervertebral disc?

A

Limits expansion of the nucleus pulposa

95
Q

Which vertebra are the smallest, lightest out of the vertebral column?

A

Cervical vertebrae C1-C7

96
Q

What are the spinous process of the cervical vertebrae

A

Bifid

97
Q

Vertebrae c3-c7 share what features?

A

Oval body
bifid
large triangular vertebral foramen
transverse foramen in each transverse process

98
Q

What vertebra is C7

A

Vertebra prominens

99
Q

What are features of thoracic vertebrae?

A
  • All attach with ribs
  • Long spinous processes that point inferiorly
  • circular vertebral foramen
100
Q

how does the articular facet help the thoracic area of the spine?

A

It allows for rotation

101
Q

How do the thoracic vertebra attach with ribs?

A

at facets and demifacets

102
Q

Which vertebrae relieves the most stress?

A

Lumbar vertebrae

103
Q

What shape are the vertebral foramen of the lumbar vertebrae

A

triangular

104
Q

How do the orientation of the articular facets aid the lumbar vertebrae?

A

It prevents rotation by locking lumbar vertebrae

105
Q

What are the spinous processes like in lumbar vertebrae?

A

Flat, hatchet-shaped pointing posteriorly

106
Q

What is the coccyx and sacrum made up of?

A

5 fused vertebrae

107
Q

How does the sacrum attach?

A

Auricular surfaces of hip bones forming sacroiliac joints

108
Q

what does the posterior midline of the sacrum form?

A

Median sacral crest

109
Q

What does the sacrum form on the pelvis?

A

The posterior wall

110
Q

What is the coccyx made of

A

3-5 fused vertebrae

tailbone

111
Q

How does the coccyx articulate with the sacrum?

A

Superiorly

112
Q

What do the normal curvatures in the vertebral column do?

A

They increase resilience and flexibility of spine

113
Q

How are cervical and lumbar curvatures concave?

A

Posteriorly

114
Q

Thoracic and sacral curvatures are

A

Convex posteriorly

115
Q

What are conditions caused by abnormal spine curvatures

A

Scoliosis
Kyphosis
Lordosis

116
Q

What is scoliosis

A

abnormal lateral curve in the spine

117
Q

What is kyphosis

A

Hunchback, exaggerated thoracic curvature

118
Q

What is lordosis

A

Swayback, accentuated lumbar curvature

119
Q

What is the purpose of the pectoral girdle

A

To provide attachment sites for muscles that move upper limbs

120
Q

What are the two parts of the pectoral girdle

A

clavicle and scapulae

121
Q

What is the bony pelvis formed by

A

coxal bones

122
Q

What is the purpose of the pelvic girdle

A

To transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs and support pelvic organs

123
Q

Joints can be classified based on what two categories?

A

Function(amount of movement) and structure

124
Q

What are the three types of structural joints

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

125
Q

What are the three types of functional joints?

A

Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses

126
Q

Fibrous joints include

A

Sutures (between skull bones)
Syndesmoses(interosseous membrane)
Gomphoses (teeth)

127
Q

The two types of cartilaginous joints are

A

Synchrondroses
(between ribs)
Symphyses
(between vertebra)

128
Q

Bursae

A

Sacs lined with synovial membrane

that reduce friction where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together

129
Q

Tendon sheaths

A

Elongated bursa wrapped completely around tendon subjected to friction

130
Q

What are the three stabilizing factors at synovial joints

A

Shapes of articular surfaces
Ligament number and location
Muscle tendons that cross joint

131
Q

Which stabilizing factor is most important for synovial joints

A

Muscle tendons that cross joint

132
Q

What does muscle do for the tendon?

A

Keeps tendons taut. Reinforces shoulder, knee joints, and arches of the foot

133
Q

Plane

A

non axial gliding

134
Q

hinge

A

uniaxial flexion/tension

135
Q

condylar

A

biaxial flexion/extension

adduction/abduction

136
Q

saddle

A

biaxial flexion/extension

adduction/abduction

137
Q

The thumbs are examples of what joints

A

saddle joints

138
Q

Condylar synovial joints include

A

knuckles/wrist

139
Q

Pivot joints include

A

proximal radioulnar joints

140
Q

Some examples of hinge joints include

A

elbows, interphalangeal joints

141
Q

Some examples of plane synovial joints include

A

intercarpals, intertarsals, and between vertebraw

142
Q

Supination and pronation affects which bones?

A

Radius and ulna

Anatomy (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions