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Anatomy > Lecture Exam 2 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Spongy bones are primarily made up of what type of bone structures?

A

Trabeculae

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2
Q

Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood?

A

Epiphyseal plate

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3
Q

What is absolutely required for bone growth or healing from a fracture?

A

Osteoblasts

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4
Q

Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. What is appositional growth?

A

The secretion of a new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

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5
Q

The structural unit of compact bone is called ______

A

Osteons

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6
Q

Which hormones are primarily involved in regulation of blood calcium?

A

PTH and calcitonin

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7
Q

What type of tissue is present at the weight bearing joints such as knees, vertebral disks, etc.

A

Fibrocartilage

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8
Q

Cells of which tissue have one of the highest mitotic rate, line the hollow organs in layers, and are not under voluntary control?

A

Smooth muscle tissue

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9
Q

Which connective tissue functions as the major storage of fuel and may act as insulation?

A

Adipose tissue

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10
Q

Which type of connective tissue is most abundant in the human body and also known as filler tissue?

A

Areolar connective tissue

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11
Q

The major difference between hyaline and elastic cartilage is….

A

Hyaline cartilage is glossy and the collagen fibers are not very visible

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12
Q

Chondroblast cells….

A

Divide within and secrete new matrix in a cartilage

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13
Q

Which tissue has tensile strength, is avascular, and has cells in lacunae

A

Cartilage

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14
Q

Which tissue cells are involved in making coverings, exhibit polarity, are highly mitotic, and may have different shapes?

A

Epithelial tissue

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15
Q

Connective tissue that provides support, has tensile strength, and acts as calcium reservoir in the body is

A

Bone

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16
Q

What type of tissue is involved in communicating with other tissues via electric signals?

A

Nervous tissue

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17
Q

Basic unit of bone

A

Osteon

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18
Q

What is made of concentric rings known as lamellae

A

Osteons

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19
Q

What is the central canal also called?

A

Haversion canal

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20
Q

Where are osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts found?

A

In the lacunae, found where the lamellae meet

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21
Q

What is the function of canaliculi?

A

To connect one lacunae to another

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22
Q

What is the most atypical connective tissue and a fluid?

A

Blood

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23
Q

What type of blood cells are most common?

A

Red

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24
Q

What does blood tissue contain?

A

White blood cells
Red blood cells
Platelets

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25
Q

What are the soluble proteins that precipitate during blood clotting?

A

Fibers

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26
Q

What does the blood tissue function in?

A

Transport

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27
Q

What is a highly vascularized tissue?

A

Muscle tissue

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28
Q

What tissue is responsible for most types of movement?

A

Muscle tissue

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29
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal

Cardiac

Smooth

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30
Q

Is skeletal tissue voluntary?

A

Yes

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31
Q

Is cardiac muscle tissue voluntary?

A

No

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32
Q

Where is smooth muscle tissue found?

A

Mainly in the walls of hollow organs other that heart

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33
Q

Is smooth muscle voluntary?

A

No

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34
Q

What are the main components of nervous system?

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

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35
Q

What tissue system regulates and controls body functions?

A

Nervous

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36
Q

What are neurons?

A

Specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses

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37
Q

What is neuroglia?

A

Supporting cells that support insulate and protect neurons

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38
Q

When is tissue repair necessary?

A

When barriers are penetrated

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39
Q

What occurs in tissue repair?

A

Cells must divid and migrate

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40
Q

What are the two ways in which tissue repair occurs

A

Regeneration and fibrosis

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41
Q

What occurs during regeneration?

A

Same kind of tissue replaces destroyed tissue

Original function is restored

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42
Q

What occurs during fibrosis?

A

Connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue

Original function lost

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43
Q

What is step 1 of tissue repair

A

Inflammation

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44
Q

What occurs during inflammation?

A

Severed blood vessels bleed

Inflammatory chemicals are released

Blood vessels become more permeable allowing white blood cells, clotting proteins, and other proteins to seep into area

Clotting occurs, surface dries, a scab is formed

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45
Q

What is step 2 of tissue repair?

A

Organization restores blood supply

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46
Q

What occurs during organization restoring the blood supply?

A

The clot is replaced by granulation tissue

Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers that bridge the gap

Macrophages phagocytize dead and dying cells

Surface epithelial cells multiply and migrate over granulation tissue

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47
Q

What happens to surface epithelial cells during step 2 of tissue repair

A

They multiply and migrate over granulation tissue

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48
Q

What is the clot replaced by in step 2 of tissue repair?

A

Granulation tissue

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49
Q

What bridges the gap made by granulation tissue in tissue repair step 2?

A

Collagen fibers made by fibroblasts

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50
Q

What is step 3 of tissue repair?

A

Regeneration and fibrosis affect permanent repair

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51
Q

What occurs during step 3 of tissue repair?

A

The fibrosis area matures and contracts

Epithelium thickens

A fully regenerated epithelium with an underlying area of scar tissue results

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52
Q

What happens to the epithelium in step 3 of tissue repair?

A

It thickens, is fully regenerated with underlying scar tissue

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53
Q

which canal in the compact bone contains blood vessels and nerve fibers

A

the central “Haversion” canal

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54
Q

Which canal is lined with endosteum?

A

Perforating (volkmann’s canals)

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55
Q

What is the purpose of the volkmanns canal/perforating canal

A

to connect blood vessels and nerves of periosteum, medullary cavity, and central canal

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56
Q

what are lacunae?

A

small cavities that contain osteocytes

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57
Q

what are canaliculi?

A

hair like canals that connect lacunae to each other and central canal

58
Q

What is interstitial growth?

A

Growth in length of long bones

59
Q

What occurs during interstitial growth?

A

Epiphyseal plate thins and is replaced by bone

60
Q

When does interstitial growth occur?

A

Near end of adolescence chondroblasts divide less often

61
Q

What occurs during epiphyseal plate closure?

A

bone lengthening ceases

bone of epiphysis and diaphysis fuses

62
Q

When does epiphyseal plate closure occur for women?

A

about 18

63
Q

When does epiphyseal plate closure occur for men?

A

About 21

64
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

Growth in width

65
Q

Appositional growth allows bone to _______

A

widen

66
Q

Which growth occurs throughout life?

A

Appositional growth

67
Q

What occurs during appositional growth

A

osteoblasts beneath periosteum secrete bone matrix on external bone

Osteoclasts remove bone on endosteal surface

68
Q

What occurs more in appositional growth, breaking down bone or building up?

A

building up, usually resulting in thicker stronger bone that is not too heavy

69
Q

Which hormone is most important in stimulating epiphyseal plate activity in infancy and childhood

A

growth hormone

70
Q

which hormone modulates activity of growth hormone, and ensures proper proportions?

A

thyroid hormone

71
Q

Which hormone promotes adolescent growth spurts, and end growth by inducing epiphyseal plate closure?

A

Testosterone in men and estrogen in women

72
Q

Excesses or deficits of any hormone will cause ______ skeletal growth

A

abnormal

73
Q

How does PTH control blood calcium levels?

A

It removes calcium from bone regardless of bone integrity

74
Q

How does calcitonin control blood calcium levels?

A

High doses can lower blood calcium levels temporarily

75
Q

Where is PTH produced?

A

The parathyroid glands

76
Q

Where is calcitonin produced?

A

The parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland

77
Q

What are the risk factors of osteoporosis?

A

Petite body form

insufficient exercise

diet poor in calcium

smoking

hormone related conditions

78
Q

what hormone related conditions can contribute to osteoporosis risk

A

Hyperthyroidism

low blood levels of thyroid stimulating hormone

diabetes mellitus

79
Q

Who is most likely to get osteoporosis

A

Aged post menopausal women

80
Q

Plenty of calcium in the diet in early adulthood can reduce risk of

A

osteoporosis

81
Q

Reduced carbonated beverage and alcohol consumption can reduce risk of

A

osteoporosis

82
Q

plenty of weight bearing exercise can help reduce risk of

A

osteoporosis

83
Q

How does alcohol and carbonated beverage consumption affect risk of osteoporosis

A

It leaches minerals from bone so decreases bone density

84
Q

How can weight bearing exercise help prevent osteoporosis?

A

It increases bone mass above normal for a buffer against age related bone loss

85
Q

What are sinuses?

A

Mucosa lined air filled spaces

86
Q

What do sinuses do?

A

Lighten the skull

warm and humidify air

enhance resonance of voice

87
Q

where are sinuses found?

A

frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, ethmoid bones

88
Q

What is an intervertebral disc?

A

A cushion like pad between vertebra

89
Q

What does the intervetrebral disc do?

A

absorbs shock, allows spine to flee and extend

90
Q

What are the two parts the intervertebral disc is composed of?

A

nucleus pulposus

annulus fibrosus

91
Q

what is the nucleus pulposus?

A

Inner gelatinous nucleus of the intervertebral disc

92
Q

what is the function of the nucleus pulposus in the intervertebral disc?

A

Gives disc elasticity and compressibility

93
Q

What is the annulus fibrosis?

A

outer collar of intervertebral disc

made out of collagen and fibrocartilage

94
Q

What is the purpose of annulus fibrosus in the intervertebral disc?

A

Limits expansion of the nucleus pulposa

95
Q

Which vertebra are the smallest, lightest out of the vertebral column?

A

Cervical vertebrae C1-C7

96
Q

What are the spinous process of the cervical vertebrae

A

Bifid

97
Q

Vertebrae c3-c7 share what features?

A

Oval body
bifid
large triangular vertebral foramen
transverse foramen in each transverse process

98
Q

What vertebra is C7

A

Vertebra prominens

99
Q

What are features of thoracic vertebrae?

A
  • All attach with ribs
  • Long spinous processes that point inferiorly
  • circular vertebral foramen
100
Q

how does the articular facet help the thoracic area of the spine?

A

It allows for rotation

101
Q

How do the thoracic vertebra attach with ribs?

A

at facets and demifacets

102
Q

Which vertebrae relieves the most stress?

A

Lumbar vertebrae

103
Q

What shape are the vertebral foramen of the lumbar vertebrae

A

triangular

104
Q

How do the orientation of the articular facets aid the lumbar vertebrae?

A

It prevents rotation by locking lumbar vertebrae

105
Q

What are the spinous processes like in lumbar vertebrae?

A

Flat, hatchet-shaped pointing posteriorly

106
Q

What is the coccyx and sacrum made up of?

A

5 fused vertebrae

107
Q

How does the sacrum attach?

A

Auricular surfaces of hip bones forming sacroiliac joints

108
Q

what does the posterior midline of the sacrum form?

A

Median sacral crest

109
Q

What does the sacrum form on the pelvis?

A

The posterior wall

110
Q

What is the coccyx made of

A

3-5 fused vertebrae

tailbone

111
Q

How does the coccyx articulate with the sacrum?

A

Superiorly

112
Q

What do the normal curvatures in the vertebral column do?

A

They increase resilience and flexibility of spine

113
Q

How are cervical and lumbar curvatures concave?

A

Posteriorly

114
Q

Thoracic and sacral curvatures are

A

Convex posteriorly

115
Q

What are conditions caused by abnormal spine curvatures

A

Scoliosis
Kyphosis
Lordosis

116
Q

What is scoliosis

A

abnormal lateral curve in the spine

117
Q

What is kyphosis

A

Hunchback, exaggerated thoracic curvature

118
Q

What is lordosis

A

Swayback, accentuated lumbar curvature

119
Q

What is the purpose of the pectoral girdle

A

To provide attachment sites for muscles that move upper limbs

120
Q

What are the two parts of the pectoral girdle

A

clavicle and scapulae

121
Q

What is the bony pelvis formed by

A

coxal bones

122
Q

What is the purpose of the pelvic girdle

A

To transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs and support pelvic organs

123
Q

Joints can be classified based on what two categories?

A

Function(amount of movement) and structure

124
Q

What are the three types of structural joints

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

125
Q

What are the three types of functional joints?

A

Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses

126
Q

Fibrous joints include

A

Sutures (between skull bones)
Syndesmoses(interosseous membrane)
Gomphoses (teeth)

127
Q

The two types of cartilaginous joints are

A

Synchrondroses
(between ribs)
Symphyses
(between vertebra)

128
Q

Bursae

A

Sacs lined with synovial membrane

that reduce friction where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together

129
Q

Tendon sheaths

A

Elongated bursa wrapped completely around tendon subjected to friction

130
Q

What are the three stabilizing factors at synovial joints

A

Shapes of articular surfaces
Ligament number and location
Muscle tendons that cross joint

131
Q

Which stabilizing factor is most important for synovial joints

A

Muscle tendons that cross joint

132
Q

What does muscle do for the tendon?

A

Keeps tendons taut. Reinforces shoulder, knee joints, and arches of the foot

133
Q

Plane

A

non axial gliding

134
Q

hinge

A

uniaxial flexion/tension

135
Q

condylar

A

biaxial flexion/extension

adduction/abduction

136
Q

saddle

A

biaxial flexion/extension

adduction/abduction

137
Q

The thumbs are examples of what joints

A

saddle joints

138
Q

Condylar synovial joints include

A

knuckles/wrist

139
Q

Pivot joints include

A

proximal radioulnar joints

140
Q

Some examples of hinge joints include

A

elbows, interphalangeal joints

141
Q

Some examples of plane synovial joints include

A

intercarpals, intertarsals, and between vertebraw

142
Q

Supination and pronation affects which bones?

A

Radius and ulna

Anatomy (17 decks)

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