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Anatomy > Lecture Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Structure

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2
Q

Physiology

A

Function

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3
Q

Gross/macroscopic

A

Regional

Systemic

Surface anatomy

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4
Q

Microscopic

A
  • cytology

- histology

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5
Q

Highly specialized branches

A

Pathological anatomy

Radio graphic anatomy

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6
Q

Developmental

A

Embryology

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7
Q

Chemical structural organization

A

Atoms and molecules

Organelles

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8
Q

Cellular structural organization

A

Cells

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9
Q

Tissue structural organization

A

Groups of similar cells

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10
Q

Organ

A

Contains two or more types of tissue

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11
Q

Organ system

A

Organs that work closely together

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12
Q

Organismal

A

All organ systems

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13
Q

8 necessary life functions

A

Maintaining boundaries

Movement

Responsiveness

Digestion

Metabolism

Disposes of wastes

Reproduction

Growth

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14
Q

Respiratory system function

A

Takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide

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15
Q

Cardiovascular system function

A

Distributes oxygen and delivers carbon dioxide to disposal organs

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16
Q

Interstitial fluid function

A

A means for the nutrients and wastes to pass between blood and cells

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17
Q

Urinary system function

A

Eliminates nitrogen wastes and excess ions

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18
Q

Homeostasis

A

Balance

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19
Q

Most feedback mechanisms in the body are ________

A

Negative

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20
Q

How does negative feedback work?

A

Response reduces or shuts off original stimulus

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21
Q

Examples of negative feedback

A

Regulation of body temperature
Regulation of blood sugar by insulin
Regulation of blood volume

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22
Q

What kind of mechanism is regulation of body temperature?

A

A nervous system mechanism- hypothalamus

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23
Q

How does the body regulate blood sugar?

A

Pancreas secretes more insulin into blood stream

This directs cells to absorb more glucose

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24
Q

How does the body regular blood volume?

A

Receptors sense decrease in blood volume

Hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland to release ADH

ADH causes kidneys to return more water to the blood

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25
Q

Positive feedback

A

Response enhances or exaggerates original stimulus

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26
Q

Standard anatomical body position

A

Body erect
Feet apart
Palms facing forward
Thumbs point away from body

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27
Q

What is the purpose of the dorsal body cavity?

A

To protect the nervous system

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28
Q

What are the two subdivisions in the dorsal body cavity?

A

Cranial and vertebral

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29
Q

Purpose of ventral body cavity

A

Houses internal organs

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30
Q

How are the two subdivisions separated in the ventral cavity

A

The diaphragm

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31
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the ventral cavity

A

Thoracic cavity

Abdominopelvic cavity

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32
Q

What cavity surrounds the thoracic organs?

A

Mediastinum

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33
Q

What cavity houses the lungs?

A

Pleural

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34
Q

What cavity encloses the heart?

A

Pericardial cavity

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35
Q

What does the abdominal cavity contain?

A

Stomach
Intestines
Spleen
Liver

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36
Q

What does the pelvic cavity contain?

A

Urinary bladder
Reproductive organs
Rectum

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37
Q

What are the four quadrants?

A

Right upper
Right lower
Left upper
Left lower

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38
Q

What are the two upper side regions on the body called?

A

Hypochondriac regions

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39
Q

What is the upper middle region of the body called?

A

Epigastric

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40
Q

What are the middle sides of the body called

A

Lumbar regions

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41
Q

What are the lower side regions of the body called

A

Iliac

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42
Q

What is the lower middle region of the body called?

A

Hypogastric

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43
Q

What region contains the liver?

A

Right hypochondriac

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44
Q

What region contains the stomach?

A

Left hypochondriac

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45
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Structural variations of atoms

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46
Q

What is different in an isotope?

A

Mass numbers are different

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47
Q

How are protons and neutrons held together?

A

Attractive forces

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48
Q

Is the attractive force stronger or weaker in isotopes?

A

Weaker

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49
Q

What is the atomic weight?

A

Average of mass numbers of all isotopes in an atom

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50
Q

What type of mixture is most common in the body?

A

Homogeneous

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51
Q

What is a homogeneous mixture made up of?

A

Solvent - usually liquid (greatest amount)

Solute- present in smaller amounts

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52
Q

What is the solution like in homogeneous mixtures?

A

Solute particles are very tiny

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53
Q

Heterogeneous mixtures are also known as

A

Emulsions

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54
Q

What does a heterogeneous solution look like?

A

Solute particles are larger than in a solution and scatter light

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55
Q

Which mixture sometimes undergoes sol-gel transformations like cytosol during cell division?

A

Heterogeneous

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56
Q

Is blood a homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture?

A

Heterogeneous

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57
Q

Three major types of bonds?

A

Ionic
Covalent
Hydrogen

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58
Q

What occurs in an ionic bond?

A

Complete transfer of electrons
Separate ions form

I.e sodium chloride

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59
Q

What occurs in a polar covalent bond?

A

Unequal sharing of electrons

Slight negative charge at the end of one molecule

Slight positive charge at the other end

I.e (water)

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60
Q

What occurs in a nonpolar covalent bond

A

Equal sharing of electrons

Charge balanced among atoms

I.e carbon dioxide

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61
Q

How many shells can electrons occupy?

A

7

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62
Q

Traits of valence shell electrons

A

Have most potential energy

Are chemically reactive electrons

Except for the first shell, atoms interact to have 8 electrons in their valence shell

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63
Q

Define biochemistry

A

Study of the chemical composition and reactions of living matter

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64
Q

Chemicals are either ____ or _____ compounds

A

Organic or inorganic

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65
Q

Do inorganic compounds contain carbon?

A

No

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66
Q

What are some examples of inorganic compounds?

A

Salt, water, many acids and bases

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67
Q

What are some examples of organic compounds?

A

Carbohydrates fats proteins and nucleus acids

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68
Q

What compound contains carbon?

A

Organic compounds

69
Q

Are organic compounds covalently bonded?

A

Yes

70
Q

What is the PH of a neutral solution?

A

7

71
Q

What is the pH of basic solutions?

A

7.01-14

72
Q

What is the PH of acidic solutions?

A

0-6.99

73
Q

What is a monomer of carbohydrates?

A

Sugar

74
Q

What is a monomer of lipids?

A

Fatty acid

75
Q

What is a monomer of proteins?

A

Amino acid

76
Q

What is a monomer of nucleic acid?

A

Nucleotide

77
Q

What is the function of sugar

A

To store energy and structural material

78
Q

What is the function of lipids?

A

To store energy
Form membrane
Steroids

79
Q

What is the function of amino acid?

A

Enzymes
Structural material
Peptides

80
Q

What is the function of nucleic acids?

A

To store genetic information

81
Q

What is an example of fatty acid?

A

Fat cells

82
Q

What is an example of proteins?

A

Hair

83
Q

What is an example of nucleic acids?

A

DNA

84
Q

What are examples of cytoskeleton elements in a cell?

A

Microtubules

Intermediate filaments

85
Q

Phosphate heads are

A

Polar and hydrophilic

86
Q

Fatty acid tails are

A

Nonpolar and hydrophobic

87
Q

Glycolipids are

A

Lipids with polar sugar groups in outer membrane surface

88
Q

What does cholesterol do?

A

Increases membrane stability

89
Q

What is the basis for all steroids formed in the body?

A

Cholesterol

90
Q

Phospholipids contain

A

Two fatty acid chains and a phosphorus containing group, attached to the glycerol backbone

91
Q

What are the six functions of membrane proteins?

A
  • Transport
  • Receptors for signal transduction
  • Attachment to cytoskeleton and extra cellular matrix
  • enzymatic activity
  • intercellular joining
  • cell-cell recognition
92
Q

What are the three types of cell junctions?

A

Tight

Anchoring

Gap

93
Q

What are the two ways substances cross membrane?

A

Diffusion and primary active transport

94
Q

What are the two types of diffusion for crossing membrane?

A

Simple

Facilitated

95
Q

For what process is no cellular energy required?

A

Passive process

96
Q

What occurs in passive processes?

A

Substance moves down it’s concentration gradient

97
Q

What are the two types of passive transport?

A

Diffusion and filtration

98
Q

What are the types of diffusion that occur in passive processes?

A

Simple

Carrier and channel mediated facilitated

Osmosis

99
Q

What type of passive transport usually occurs across capillary walls?

A

Filtration

100
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of solvent (like water) across a selectively permeable membrane

101
Q

How does water diffuse through plasma membranes?

A

Through lipid bilayer

Through specific water channels called aquaporins (AQPs)

102
Q

When does osmosis occur?

A

When water concentration is different on two sides of a membrane

103
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria

A

Generates chemical energy or ATP

104
Q

What is the function of a ribosome?

A

Decoding the message of peptide bonds

105
Q

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum

A

To produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function

106
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules

107
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

To make proteins through translation of information and linking of amino acids

108
Q

What is the function of the lysosome?

A

Breaking down cell parts through digestive enzymes

109
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes?

A

Lipid metabolism

Processing reactive oxygen

110
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton

A

Helps the cell maintain shape and internal organization

111
Q

What is the function of centrioles

A

Organizing microtubules

Serve as the cells skeletal system

112
Q

Function of centrosomes

A

Centrosomes duplicate to aid in cell division

113
Q

What is the function of the flagella

A

Sensory and movement

114
Q

What are the three cellular extensions that aid in sensory and movement?

A

Cilia, flagella, microvilli

115
Q

What does the cell cycle do?

A

Defines changes from formation of the cell until it reproduces

116
Q

What are the two phases of cell cycle?

A 
Interphase
Cell division (mitotic phase)
117
Q

What does mitotic cell division do?

A

Produces clones

Essential for body growth and tissue repair

118
Q

Where doesn’t mitotic cell division occur?

A

Mature cells of nervous tissue, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle

119
Q

Where does mitotic cell division occur continually?

A

Skin cells

Intestinal lining cells

120
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Cell division producing gametes

121
Q

What are the stages of mitosis in order?

A 
Interphase
Prophase
Late prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis (daughter cells)
122
Q

What are the two steps of protein synthesis?

A

Transcription and translation

123
Q

What is transcription?

A

DNA information is coded in mRNA

124
Q

what is translation?

A

mRNA is decoded to assemble polypeptides

125
Q

What is the blueprint for protein synthesis?

A

DNA

126
Q

what is a gene?

A

A segment of DNA with the blueprint for one polypeptide

127
Q

What are triplets in protein synthesis?

A

Three sequential DNA nitrogen bases

128
Q

What does each triplet in protein synthesis do?

A

Coding for number, kind, and order of amino acids in polypeptide

129
Q

What are the bases in DNA?

A

A G T C

130
Q

What does mRNA do?

A

Carries instructions for building a polypeptide from gene in DNA to ribosomes in cytoplasm

131
Q

What needs to be done to mRNA before translation?

A

It is edited and processed

132
Q

What is Ribosomal RNA and it’s function?

A

structural component of ribosomes that helps translate message from mRNA along with tRNA

133
Q

What does tRNA do?

A

Binds specific amino acids at one ends

134
Q

What does A change to in a DNA base?

A

T

135
Q

What does C change to in a DNA base?

A

G

136
Q

What does an A change to in RNA ?

A

U

137
Q

When a variation outside normal limits triggers a response that restores the normal condition, the regulatory mechanism involves ___________

A

Negative feedback

138
Q

The elbow is _____ to the digits

A

Proximal

139
Q

What broad term covers all chemical reactions that occur within the body?

A

Metabolism

140
Q

Mike was injured during a football game and has a fracture causing left brachial pain and deformity. What part of his body was injured?

A

Arm

141
Q

The oral cavity is ______ to the ears

A

Medial

142
Q

A cut through the body that passes perpendicular to the long axis of the body and divides the body into superior and inferior portions is known as ________

A

Transverse plane

143
Q

A patient is complaining of a sharp pain due to appendicitis, in which abdominopelvic region do you expect the pain to be?

A

Right inguinal

144
Q

An example of positive feedback mechanism would be _______

A

Enhancement of blood clotting

145
Q

What is cytology?

A

Study of cells

146
Q

A surgeon needs to cut through the pleura, which organ is he operating on?

A

Lungs

147
Q

What level of protein synthesis is represented by the cooling of the protein chain backbone into an alpha helix?

A

Secondary structure

148
Q

Inorganic compounds can include:

A

Water, electrolytes, oxygen and carbon dioxide

149
Q

What is an example of a pentose sugar?

A

Ribose

150
Q

Proteins are the molecular carriers of coded hereditary

True or false

A

False

151
Q

Are hydrogen bonds too weak to bind atoms together to form molecules?

A

Yes

152
Q

What are examples of globular proteins?

A

Hormones
Antibodies
Enzymes

153
Q

An inorganic compound with

Carbon hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen would be a ______

A

Protein

154
Q

Glycogen is an example of

A

Polysaccharides

155
Q

Which vitamins are fat soluble?

A

Vitamin A, D, E

156
Q

The lipids we refer to as oils have _____

A

A high degree of unsaturated bonds

157
Q

All of the following membrane transport mechanisms are passive processes except

A. Diffusion
B. Vesicular transport
C. Osmosis
D. Filtration

A

B. Vesicular transport

158
Q

The proteins in cell membranes may function as…

A

Receptors/channels
Carriers and enzymes
Anchors and identifiers

159
Q

Structures that perform specific functions within the cell are called…

A

Organelles

160
Q

The contraction of a functional protein using the information provided by an mRNA strand is known as

A

Translation

161
Q

When placed in a ______ solution, a red blood cell will lose water through osmosis. The process will result in _____ of the cell.

A

Hypertonic, crenation (shrinkage)

162
Q

The presence of invading pathogens in the extracellular fluid would stimulate immune cells to engage the mechanism of _________

A

Phagocytosis

163
Q

If the cell lacks a mitochondria, the direct result will be it cannot …

A

Produce substantial amounts of ATP

164
Q

Is the resting membrane potential maintained solely by passive transport processes?

A

No

165
Q

The site of protein synthesis in the cell is….

A

Ribosomes

166
Q

How many types of tissue are there in the body?

A

4

167
Q

What are the different types of tissue

A

Connective
Epithelial
Muscle
Nervous

168
Q

Tissue made of cells laid together in sheets tightly connected with 2 surfaces

A

Epithelium tissue

169
Q

Tissue Composed of protein fibers, cells, and an amorphous appearance

A

Connective tissue

Anatomy (17 decks)

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