Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomy
A
Structure
2
Q
Physiology
A
Function
3
Q
Gross/macroscopic
A
Regional
Systemic
Surface anatomy
4
Q
Microscopic
A
- cytology
- histology
5
Q
Highly specialized branches
A
Pathological anatomy
Radio graphic anatomy
6
Q
Developmental
A
Embryology
7
Q
Chemical structural organization
A
Atoms and molecules
Organelles
8
Q
Cellular structural organization
A
Cells
9
Q
Tissue structural organization
A
Groups of similar cells
10
Q
Organ
A
Contains two or more types of tissue
11
Q
Organ system
A
Organs that work closely together
12
Q
Organismal
A
All organ systems
13
Q
8 necessary life functions
A
Maintaining boundaries
Movement
Responsiveness
Digestion
Metabolism
Disposes of wastes
Reproduction
Growth
14
Q
Respiratory system function
A
Takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide
15
Q
Cardiovascular system function
A
Distributes oxygen and delivers carbon dioxide to disposal organs
16
Q
Interstitial fluid function
A
A means for the nutrients and wastes to pass between blood and cells
17
Q
Urinary system function
A
Eliminates nitrogen wastes and excess ions
18
Q
Homeostasis
A
Balance
19
Q
Most feedback mechanisms in the body are ________
A
Negative
20
Q
How does negative feedback work?
A
Response reduces or shuts off original stimulus
21
Q
Examples of negative feedback
A
Regulation of body temperature
Regulation of blood sugar by insulin
Regulation of blood volume
22
Q
What kind of mechanism is regulation of body temperature?
A
A nervous system mechanism- hypothalamus
23
Q
How does the body regulate blood sugar?
A
Pancreas secretes more insulin into blood stream
This directs cells to absorb more glucose
24
Q
How does the body regular blood volume?
A
Receptors sense decrease in blood volume
Hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland to release ADH
ADH causes kidneys to return more water to the blood
25
Positive feedback
Response enhances or exaggerates original stimulus
26
Standard anatomical body position
Body erect
Feet apart
Palms facing forward
Thumbs point away from body
27
What is the purpose of the dorsal body cavity?
To protect the nervous system
28
What are the two subdivisions in the dorsal body cavity?
Cranial and vertebral
29
Purpose of ventral body cavity
Houses internal organs
30
How are the two subdivisions separated in the ventral cavity
The diaphragm
31
What are the two subdivisions of the ventral cavity
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
32
What cavity surrounds the thoracic organs?
Mediastinum
33
What cavity houses the lungs?
Pleural
34
What cavity encloses the heart?
Pericardial cavity
35
What does the abdominal cavity contain?
Stomach
Intestines
Spleen
Liver
36
What does the pelvic cavity contain?
Urinary bladder
Reproductive organs
Rectum
37
What are the four quadrants?
Right upper
Right lower
Left upper
Left lower
38
What are the two upper side regions on the body called?
Hypochondriac regions
39
What is the upper middle region of the body called?
Epigastric
40
What are the middle sides of the body called
Lumbar regions
41
What are the lower side regions of the body called
Iliac
42
What is the lower middle region of the body called?
Hypogastric
43
What region contains the liver?
Right hypochondriac
44
What region contains the stomach?
Left hypochondriac
45
What are isotopes?
Structural variations of atoms
46
What is different in an isotope?
Mass numbers are different
47
How are protons and neutrons held together?
Attractive forces
48
Is the attractive force stronger or weaker in isotopes?
Weaker
49
What is the atomic weight?
Average of mass numbers of all isotopes in an atom
50
What type of mixture is most common in the body?
Homogeneous
51
What is a homogeneous mixture made up of?
Solvent - usually liquid (greatest amount)
Solute- present in smaller amounts
52
What is the solution like in homogeneous mixtures?
Solute particles are very tiny
53
Heterogeneous mixtures are also known as
Emulsions
54
What does a heterogeneous solution look like?
Solute particles are larger than in a solution and scatter light
55
Which mixture sometimes undergoes sol-gel transformations like cytosol during cell division?
Heterogeneous
56
Is blood a homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture?
Heterogeneous
57
Three major types of bonds?
Ionic
Covalent
Hydrogen
58
What occurs in an ionic bond?
Complete transfer of electrons
Separate ions form
I.e sodium chloride
59
What occurs in a polar covalent bond?
Unequal sharing of electrons
Slight negative charge at the end of one molecule
Slight positive charge at the other end
I.e (water)
60
What occurs in a nonpolar covalent bond
Equal sharing of electrons
Charge balanced among atoms
I.e carbon dioxide
61
How many shells can electrons occupy?
7
62
Traits of valence shell electrons
Have most potential energy
Are chemically reactive electrons
Except for the first shell, atoms interact to have 8 electrons in their valence shell
63
Define biochemistry
Study of the chemical composition and reactions of living matter
64
Chemicals are either ____ or _____ compounds
Organic or inorganic
65
Do inorganic compounds contain carbon?
No
66
What are some examples of inorganic compounds?
Salt, water, many acids and bases
67
What are some examples of organic compounds?
Carbohydrates fats proteins and nucleus acids
68
What compound contains carbon?
Organic compounds
69
Are organic compounds covalently bonded?
Yes
70
What is the PH of a neutral solution?
7
71
What is the pH of basic solutions?
7.01-14
72
What is the PH of acidic solutions?
0-6.99
73
What is a monomer of carbohydrates?
Sugar
74
What is a monomer of lipids?
Fatty acid
75
What is a monomer of proteins?
Amino acid
76
What is a monomer of nucleic acid?
Nucleotide
77
What is the function of sugar
To store energy and structural material
78
What is the function of lipids?
To store energy
Form membrane
Steroids
79
What is the function of amino acid?
Enzymes
Structural material
Peptides
80
What is the function of nucleic acids?
To store genetic information
81
What is an example of fatty acid?
Fat cells
82
What is an example of proteins?
Hair
83
What is an example of nucleic acids?
DNA
84
What are examples of cytoskeleton elements in a cell?
Microtubules
Intermediate filaments
85
Phosphate heads are
Polar and hydrophilic
86
Fatty acid tails are
Nonpolar and hydrophobic
87
Glycolipids are
Lipids with polar sugar groups in outer membrane surface
88
What does cholesterol do?
Increases membrane stability
89
What is the basis for all steroids formed in the body?
Cholesterol
90
Phospholipids contain
Two fatty acid chains and a phosphorus containing group, attached to the glycerol backbone
91
What are the six functions of membrane proteins?
- Transport
- Receptors for signal transduction
- Attachment to cytoskeleton and extra cellular matrix
- enzymatic activity
- intercellular joining
- cell-cell recognition
92
What are the three types of cell junctions?
Tight
Anchoring
Gap
93
What are the two ways substances cross membrane?
Diffusion and primary active transport
94
What are the two types of diffusion for crossing membrane?
Simple
Facilitated
95
For what process is no cellular energy required?
Passive process
96
What occurs in passive processes?
Substance moves down it’s concentration gradient
97
What are the two types of passive transport?
Diffusion and filtration
98
What are the types of diffusion that occur in passive processes?
Simple
Carrier and channel mediated facilitated
Osmosis
99
What type of passive transport usually occurs across capillary walls?
Filtration
100
What is osmosis?
Movement of solvent (like water) across a selectively permeable membrane
101
How does water diffuse through plasma membranes?
Through lipid bilayer
| Through specific water channels called aquaporins (AQPs)
102
When does osmosis occur?
When water concentration is different on two sides of a membrane
103
What is the function of the mitochondria
Generates chemical energy or ATP
104
What is the function of a ribosome?
Decoding the message of peptide bonds
105
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum
To produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function
106
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules
107
What is the function of ribosomes?
To make proteins through translation of information and linking of amino acids
108
What is the function of the lysosome?
Breaking down cell parts through digestive enzymes
109
What is the function of peroxisomes?
Lipid metabolism
| Processing reactive oxygen
110
What is the function of the cytoskeleton
Helps the cell maintain shape and internal organization
111
What is the function of centrioles
Organizing microtubules
| Serve as the cells skeletal system
112
Function of centrosomes
Centrosomes duplicate to aid in cell division
113
What is the function of the flagella
Sensory and movement
114
What are the three cellular extensions that aid in sensory and movement?
Cilia, flagella, microvilli
115
What does the cell cycle do?
Defines changes from formation of the cell until it reproduces
116
What are the two phases of cell cycle?
```
Interphase
Cell division (mitotic phase)
```
117
What does mitotic cell division do?
Produces clones
Essential for body growth and tissue repair
118
Where doesn’t mitotic cell division occur?
Mature cells of nervous tissue, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle
119
Where does mitotic cell division occur continually?
Skin cells
Intestinal lining cells
120
What is meiosis?
Cell division producing gametes
121
What are the stages of mitosis in order?
```
Interphase
Prophase
Late prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis (daughter cells)
```
122
What are the two steps of protein synthesis?
Transcription and translation
123
What is transcription?
DNA information is coded in mRNA
124
what is translation?
mRNA is decoded to assemble polypeptides
125
What is the blueprint for protein synthesis?
DNA
126
what is a gene?
A segment of DNA with the blueprint for one polypeptide
127
What are triplets in protein synthesis?
Three sequential DNA nitrogen bases
128
What does each triplet in protein synthesis do?
Coding for number, kind, and order of amino acids in polypeptide
129
What are the bases in DNA?
A G T C
130
What does mRNA do?
Carries instructions for building a polypeptide from gene in DNA to ribosomes in cytoplasm
131
What needs to be done to mRNA before translation?
It is edited and processed
132
What is Ribosomal RNA and it’s function?
structural component of ribosomes that helps translate message from mRNA along with tRNA
133
What does tRNA do?
Binds specific amino acids at one ends
134
What does A change to in a DNA base?
T
135
What does C change to in a DNA base?
G
136
What does an A change to in RNA ?
U
137
When a variation outside normal limits triggers a response that restores the normal condition, the regulatory mechanism involves ___________
Negative feedback
138
The elbow is _____ to the digits
Proximal
139
What broad term covers all chemical reactions that occur within the body?
Metabolism
140
Mike was injured during a football game and has a fracture causing left brachial pain and deformity. What part of his body was injured?
Arm
141
The oral cavity is ______ to the ears
Medial
142
A cut through the body that passes perpendicular to the long axis of the body and divides the body into superior and inferior portions is known as ________
Transverse plane
143
A patient is complaining of a sharp pain due to appendicitis, in which abdominopelvic region do you expect the pain to be?
Right inguinal
144
An example of positive feedback mechanism would be _______
Enhancement of blood clotting
145
What is cytology?
Study of cells
146
A surgeon needs to cut through the pleura, which organ is he operating on?
Lungs
147
What level of protein synthesis is represented by the cooling of the protein chain backbone into an alpha helix?
Secondary structure
148
Inorganic compounds can include:
Water, electrolytes, oxygen and carbon dioxide
149
What is an example of a pentose sugar?
Ribose
150
Proteins are the molecular carriers of coded hereditary
True or false
False
151
Are hydrogen bonds too weak to bind atoms together to form molecules?
Yes
152
What are examples of globular proteins?
Hormones
Antibodies
Enzymes
153
An inorganic compound with
| Carbon hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen would be a ______
Protein
154
Glycogen is an example of
Polysaccharides
155
Which vitamins are fat soluble?
Vitamin A, D, E
156
The lipids we refer to as oils have _____
A high degree of unsaturated bonds
157
All of the following membrane transport mechanisms are passive processes except
A. Diffusion
B. Vesicular transport
C. Osmosis
D. Filtration
B. Vesicular transport
158
The proteins in cell membranes may function as...
Receptors/channels
Carriers and enzymes
Anchors and identifiers
159
Structures that perform specific functions within the cell are called...
Organelles
160
The contraction of a functional protein using the information provided by an mRNA strand is known as
Translation
161
When placed in a ______ solution, a red blood cell will lose water through osmosis. The process will result in _____ of the cell.
Hypertonic, crenation (shrinkage)
162
The presence of invading pathogens in the extracellular fluid would stimulate immune cells to engage the mechanism of _________
Phagocytosis
163
If the cell lacks a mitochondria, the direct result will be it cannot ...
Produce substantial amounts of ATP
164
Is the resting membrane potential maintained solely by passive transport processes?
No
165
The site of protein synthesis in the cell is....
Ribosomes
166
How many types of tissue are there in the body?
4
167
What are the different types of tissue
Connective
Epithelial
Muscle
Nervous
168
Tissue made of cells laid together in sheets tightly connected with 2 surfaces
Epithelium tissue
169
Tissue Composed of protein fibers, cells, and an amorphous appearance
Connective tissue
