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Physiology > Lecture Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

physiology

A

the study of biological function of the human body (how the body works)

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2
Q

total body water ranges

A

45-75% of body weight

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3
Q

what is variation of total body water due to?

A

body fat

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4
Q

average body water for males

A

60%

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5
Q

what makes up total body fluid?

A

intracellular & extracellular fluid

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6
Q

what is intracellular fluid rich in?

A

K+ and proteins

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7
Q

what makes up extracellular fluid (ECF)?

A

blood and interstitial fluid

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8
Q

what is interstitial fluid?

A

fluid between the cells

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9
Q

what is intracellular fluid (ICF)?

A

fluid within cells

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10
Q

what is extracellular fluid (ECF)?

A

fluid outside cells

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11
Q

which compartment is the greatest proportion of total body water found?

A

intracellular fluid

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12
Q

define solute

A

particles dissolved in a solvent to form a solution

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13
Q

what unit is solute concentration measured in?

A

M (molarity)

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14
Q

define homeostasis

A

the ability of the body to maintain a constant internal environment despite changing conditions in the external environment

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15
Q

what is dynamic constancy characterized by?

A

constant change

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16
Q

what maintains dynamic constancy?

A

negative feedback loops

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17
Q

how does the sensor transfer information to the integrating center?

A

affarent nerve

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18
Q

what does the integration center do?

A

it processes the information and sends the message to the effector

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19
Q

how does the integrating center get information to the effector?

A

effarent nerve

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20
Q

what does the effector do?

A

carries out response/effect

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21
Q

define antagonistic

A

2 effectors act in opposite directions

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22
Q

define synergistic

A

2 effectors act in the same direction
net action is greater than just the sum of each individual action

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23
Q

define permissive

A

one effector increases the action of another

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24
Q

define additive

A

two effectors act in the same direction
net action is the sum of each individual action

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25
Q

define postive feedback

A

action of effector amplify the initial stimulus
body wants more stimulation

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26
Q

examples of positive feedback

A

childbirth and blood clotting

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27
Q

what are the 4 main biomolecules?

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

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28
Q

examples of disaccharides

A

sucrose, lactose, maltose

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29
Q

examples of polysaccharides

A

glycogen, starch

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30
Q

how are disaccharides formed?

A

dehydration synthesis of 2 monosaccharides

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31
Q

where is glycogen found?

A

liver and muscles

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32
Q

what are common features of lipids?

A

non-polar
insoluble in water (hydrophobic)

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33
Q

4 examples of lipids

A

triglycerides
phospholipids
steroids
eicosanoids

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34
Q

define triglycerides

A

3 fatty acids bound to glycerol

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35
Q

what is needed to make steroids?

A

cholesterol

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36
Q

what are eicosanoids?

A

prostaglandins and leukotrienes
broken down phospholipids

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37
Q

what complex molecule serves the wides variety of functions?

A

proteins

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38
Q

what are the 4 functions of proteins?

A

transport
contraction
immunity
regulation

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39
Q

what is building block of proteins?

A

amino acids

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40
Q

what links 2 amino acids?

A

peptide bonds

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41
Q

what are secondary protein structures

A

alpha helix and beta pleated sheets
hydrogen bonds

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42
Q

describe tertiary protein structure

A

three-dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions

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43
Q

describe quaternary protein structure

A

several polypeptide chains bound together

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44
Q

define nucleotides

A

5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

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45
Q

what are the functions of cell membrane proteins?

A

transport molecules
enzymatic regulation
receptors for signaling molecules
cell markers

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46
Q

function of nucleus

A

stores cell info

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47
Q

function of nucleolus

A

produces ribosomes

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48
Q

function of ribosomes

A

makes proteins

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49
Q

function of mitochondria

A

produces ATP

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50
Q

function of golgi complex

A

modifies, packages, and transports material out of the cell

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51
Q

function of lysosomes

A

break down molecules through hydrolysis

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52
Q

function of peroxisomes

A

break down molecules through redox

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53
Q

define catabolic metabolism

A

breaking down; exergonic

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54
Q

define anabolic metabolism

A

synthesis; endergonic

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55
Q

define condensation

A

reverse of hydrolysis; endergonic

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56
Q

define hydrolysis

A

use of water to break down; exergonic

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57
Q

define phosphorylation

A

addition of a phosphate group
changes protein activity

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58
Q

define dephosphorylation

A

removal of a phosphate group
changes protein activity

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59
Q

what is the byproduct that oxidation-reduction reactions produce?

A

hydrogen peroxide

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60
Q

what is potential energy?

A

stored energy

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61
Q

what is kinetic energy?

A

energy of motion

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62
Q

what does specificity do?

A

limits the type of molecule the enzyme interacts with

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63
Q

what is induced fit?

A

the conformation of enzyme changes to fit substrate

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64
Q

what direct factors affect reaction rate?

A

substrate concentration
catalytic rate
affinity

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65
Q

what indirect factors affect reaction rate?

A

temp
pH

66
Q

what is glycolysis?

A

breakdown of glucose to 2 pyruvate molecules
2 ATP, NADH gained

67
Q

what does oxidative phosphorylation require?

A

oxygen

68
Q

what is the main goal of glucose oxidation?

A

to produce ATP

69
Q

what are the 3 types of passive transport?

A

simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
osmosis

70
Q

what are the 2 types of active transport?

A

primary and secondary

71
Q

how does facilitated diffusion happen?

A

by carriers

72
Q

what can freely pass through the membrane?

A

gas

73
Q

what is the driving force of simple diffusion?

A

the solutes concentration gradient

74
Q

pores are always ___?

A

open

75
Q

channels are gated by what?

A

a door

76
Q

which side of the cell is more negative?

A

the inside

77
Q

how are ion channels named?

A

according to the substance that is allowed to pass through

78
Q

when does membrane potential exist?

A

when there is both electrical and chemical force regardless of direction

79
Q

if membrane potential (Vm) = equilibrium potential (Ex) what does net force equal?

A

0

80
Q

looking at absolute number, if Vm is less than Ex, what direction will the electrochemical driving force be?

A

out of the cell

81
Q

looking at absolute number, if Vm is more than Ex, what direction will the electrochemical driving force be?

A

into the cell

82
Q

what determines rate of diffusion for ion transport?

A

electrochemical gradient
ion channel permeability
membrane surface area

83
Q

what does Vmax mean?

A

all carriers have been used

84
Q

what does it mean when 2 curves have the same Km?

A

they have the same affinity

85
Q

where are GLUT4 molecules synthesized?

A

rough ER

86
Q

what is primary active transport accomplished by?

A

protein pumps

87
Q

describe secondary active transport

A

uses energy from movement of one substance to move another
energy is NOT ATP

88
Q

what is osmosis driven by?

A

osmotic pressure

89
Q

which way does water move?

A

from low osmotic pressure (low solute high water) to high osmotic pressure (high solute low water)

90
Q

what are aquaporins?

A

channel proteins fro water

91
Q

what cells are aquaporins always present?

A

RBCs

92
Q

what is osmolarity equal to?

A

solute concentration

93
Q

what direction does tonicity move?

A

low to high tonic solution

94
Q

isotonic

A

cell does not change size

95
Q

hypertonic

A

water moves out, cell shrinks

96
Q

hypotonic

A

water moves in, cell swells

97
Q

what are eicosanoid messengers derived from?

A

arachidonic acid

98
Q

what is half-life?

A

time for a chemical to decrease its concentration by half

99
Q

what is an agonist?

A

compounds that bind to receptor and cause normal response

100
Q

what is an antagonist?

A

a blocker

101
Q

what are adenylate cyclase (GPCR) 2nd messengers?

A

cAMP and protein kinase A

102
Q

4 primary cell & tissue types

A

muscle
nervous
epithelial
connective

103
Q

average body water for females

A

50%

104
Q

K+ ICF

A

140 mM

105
Q

K+ ECF

A

4 mM

106
Q

Na+ ICF

A

15 mM

107
Q

Na+ ECF

A

145 mM

108
Q

where is Mg2+ concentration higher?

A

ECF

109
Q

where is Ca2+ concentration higher?

A

ECF

110
Q

where is Cl- concentration higher?

A

ECF

111
Q

where is HCO3- concentration higher?

A

ECF

112
Q

where is glucose concentration higher?

A

ECF

113
Q

where is amino acid concentration higher?

A

ICF

114
Q

where is ATP concentration higher?

A

ICF

115
Q

where is protein concentration higher?

A

ICF

116
Q

examples of monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

117
Q

what is the primary purpose of triglycerides?

A

provide energy

118
Q

what are phospholipids made of?

A

polar head and non polar tail

119
Q

what is structure of steroids?

A

3 6-carbon rings joined to a 5-carbon ring

120
Q

what is the primary function of steroids?

A

regulation

121
Q

primary protein structure

A

amino acid sequence

122
Q

what is activation energy?

A

energy difference between initial and transition state

123
Q

what is the initial substrate of Krebs cycle

A

acetyl CoA

124
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

microchondria

125
Q

what are the functions of the membrane

A

enclose cell contents
act as mechanical barrier
determine cell composition & function

126
Q

how can simple diffusion happen?

A

directly through lipid bilayer, pores, or gated channels

127
Q

what substrates can move through using simple diffusion?

A

uncharged & hydrophobic

128
Q

what is flux?

A

rate of diffusion

129
Q

what is the rate of diffusion dependent on?

A

permeability of membrane
magnitude of concentration gradient
surface area of membrane

130
Q

what are the characteristics of a channel?

A

acts like a pore & is substance specific

131
Q

what is the driving force of ion channels?

A

electrochemical gradient

132
Q

what is ion channel selectivity determined by?

A

pore size
charges of amino acids

133
Q

how does electrochemical driving force act when chemical & electrical forces are in the same direction?

A

acts in the direction of each force
magnitude is the sum of the two forces

134
Q

how does the electrochemical driving force act when chemical & electrical forces are in opposite directions?

A

acts in the direction of the stronger force
magnitude is larger - smaller force

135
Q

what is secondary active transport accomplished by?

A

symporters and antiporters

136
Q

what does tonicity describe?

A

a property of a solution

137
Q

what is tonicity determined by?

A

concentration of non-penetrating solutes

138
Q

direct intracellular communication

A

cells are directly in contact, molecules pass directly

139
Q

indirect intracellular communication

A

one cell secretes messenger, messenger binds to receptor on itself or another cell

140
Q

what do gap junctions do?

A

provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells, direct communication

141
Q

where are gap junctions common?

A

smooth and cardiac muscle

142
Q

paracrines

A

secrete messenger into ECF, binds to receptor on neighboring cell

143
Q

autocrines

A

secrete messenger into ECF which binds to receptor on itself

144
Q

neurotransmitter

A

secreted from neurons into synapse; bind to receptor on postsynaptic cell

145
Q

hormones

A

secreted from endocrine cell into blood; bind to receptor on target cell

146
Q

what are amine messengers derived from?

A

amino acids

147
Q

catecholamines

A

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine; derived from tyrosine

148
Q

thyroid hormones

A

T3 and T4; derived from tyrosine

149
Q

serotonin

A

derived from tryptophan

150
Q

histamine

A

derived from histidine

151
Q

what are steroid messengers derived from?

A

cholesterol

152
Q

how are messengers transported?

A

diffusion or blood (hormones only)

153
Q

which messengers have a sort half-life?

A

messengers dissolved in plasma

154
Q

which messengers have a long half-life?

A

messengers bound to plasma protein

155
Q

where do lipophobic (hydrophilic) ligands bind?

A

cell membrane

156
Q

where do lipophilic (hydrophobic) ligands bind?

A

within the cell

157
Q

what does the magnitude of target cell response depend on?

A

messenger concentration, number of receptors, affinity

158
Q

fast response receptors

A

receptor and effector are the same protein

159
Q

slow response receptors

A

receptor and effector are separate proteins coupled by G proteins

160
Q

phospholipase C (GPCR) 2nd messengers

A

IP3 (activates Ca2+) & DAG (activates protein kinase C)

Physiology (11 decks)

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