Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards
(160 cards)
1
Q
physiology
A
the study of biological function of the human body (how the body works)
2
Q
total body water ranges
A
45-75% of body weight
3
Q
what is variation of total body water due to?
A
body fat
4
Q
average body water for males
A
60%
5
Q
what makes up total body fluid?
A
intracellular & extracellular fluid
6
Q
what is intracellular fluid rich in?
A
K+ and proteins
7
Q
what makes up extracellular fluid (ECF)?
A
blood and interstitial fluid
8
Q
what is interstitial fluid?
A
fluid between the cells
9
Q
what is intracellular fluid (ICF)?
A
fluid within cells
10
Q
what is extracellular fluid (ECF)?
A
fluid outside cells
11
Q
which compartment is the greatest proportion of total body water found?
A
intracellular fluid
12
Q
define solute
A
particles dissolved in a solvent to form a solution
13
Q
what unit is solute concentration measured in?
A
M (molarity)
14
Q
define homeostasis
A
the ability of the body to maintain a constant internal environment despite changing conditions in the external environment
15
Q
what is dynamic constancy characterized by?
A
constant change
16
Q
what maintains dynamic constancy?
A
negative feedback loops
17
Q
how does the sensor transfer information to the integrating center?
A
affarent nerve
18
Q
what does the integration center do?
A
it processes the information and sends the message to the effector
19
Q
how does the integrating center get information to the effector?
A
effarent nerve
20
Q
what does the effector do?
A
carries out response/effect
21
Q
define antagonistic
A
2 effectors act in opposite directions
22
Q
define synergistic
A
2 effectors act in the same direction
net action is greater than just the sum of each individual action
23
Q
define permissive
A
one effector increases the action of another
24
Q
define additive
A
two effectors act in the same direction
net action is the sum of each individual action
25
define postive feedback
action of effector amplify the initial stimulus
body wants more stimulation
26
examples of positive feedback
childbirth and blood clotting
27
what are the 4 main biomolecules?
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
28
examples of disaccharides
sucrose, lactose, maltose
29
examples of polysaccharides
glycogen, starch
30
how are disaccharides formed?
dehydration synthesis of 2 monosaccharides
31
where is glycogen found?
liver and muscles
32
what are common features of lipids?
non-polar
insoluble in water (hydrophobic)
33
4 examples of lipids
triglycerides
phospholipids
steroids
eicosanoids
34
define triglycerides
3 fatty acids bound to glycerol
35
what is needed to make steroids?
cholesterol
36
what are eicosanoids?
prostaglandins and leukotrienes
broken down phospholipids
37
what complex molecule serves the wides variety of functions?
proteins
38
what are the 4 functions of proteins?
transport
contraction
immunity
regulation
39
what is building block of proteins?
amino acids
40
what links 2 amino acids?
peptide bonds
41
what are secondary protein structures
alpha helix and beta pleated sheets
hydrogen bonds
42
describe tertiary protein structure
three-dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions
43
describe quaternary protein structure
several polypeptide chains bound together
44
define nucleotides
5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
45
what are the functions of cell membrane proteins?
transport molecules
enzymatic regulation
receptors for signaling molecules
cell markers
46
function of nucleus
stores cell info
47
function of nucleolus
produces ribosomes
48
function of ribosomes
makes proteins
49
function of mitochondria
produces ATP
50
function of golgi complex
modifies, packages, and transports material out of the cell
51
function of lysosomes
break down molecules through hydrolysis
52
function of peroxisomes
break down molecules through redox
53
define catabolic metabolism
breaking down; exergonic
54
define anabolic metabolism
synthesis; endergonic
55
define condensation
reverse of hydrolysis; endergonic
56
define hydrolysis
use of water to break down; exergonic
57
define phosphorylation
addition of a phosphate group
changes protein activity
58
define dephosphorylation
removal of a phosphate group
changes protein activity
59
what is the byproduct that oxidation-reduction reactions produce?
hydrogen peroxide
60
what is potential energy?
stored energy
61
what is kinetic energy?
energy of motion
62
what does specificity do?
limits the type of molecule the enzyme interacts with
63
what is induced fit?
the conformation of enzyme changes to fit substrate
64
what direct factors affect reaction rate?
substrate concentration
catalytic rate
affinity
65
what indirect factors affect reaction rate?
temp
pH
66
what is glycolysis?
breakdown of glucose to 2 pyruvate molecules
2 ATP, NADH gained
67
what does oxidative phosphorylation require?
oxygen
68
what is the main goal of glucose oxidation?
to produce ATP
69
what are the 3 types of passive transport?
simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
osmosis
70
what are the 2 types of active transport?
primary and secondary
71
how does facilitated diffusion happen?
by carriers
72
what can freely pass through the membrane?
gas
73
what is the driving force of simple diffusion?
the solutes concentration gradient
74
pores are always ___?
open
75
channels are gated by what?
a door
76
which side of the cell is more negative?
the inside
77
how are ion channels named?
according to the substance that is allowed to pass through
78
when does membrane potential exist?
when there is both electrical and chemical force regardless of direction
79
if membrane potential (Vm) = equilibrium potential (Ex) what does net force equal?
0
80
looking at absolute number, if Vm is less than Ex, what direction will the electrochemical driving force be?
out of the cell
81
looking at absolute number, if Vm is more than Ex, what direction will the electrochemical driving force be?
into the cell
82
what determines rate of diffusion for ion transport?
electrochemical gradient
ion channel permeability
membrane surface area
83
what does Vmax mean?
all carriers have been used
84
what does it mean when 2 curves have the same Km?
they have the same affinity
85
where are GLUT4 molecules synthesized?
rough ER
86
what is primary active transport accomplished by?
protein pumps
87
describe secondary active transport
uses energy from movement of one substance to move another
energy is NOT ATP
88
what is osmosis driven by?
osmotic pressure
89
which way does water move?
from low osmotic pressure (low solute high water) to high osmotic pressure (high solute low water)
90
what are aquaporins?
channel proteins fro water
91
what cells are aquaporins always present?
RBCs
92
what is osmolarity equal to?
solute concentration
93
what direction does tonicity move?
low to high tonic solution
94
isotonic
cell does not change size
95
hypertonic
water moves out, cell shrinks
96
hypotonic
water moves in, cell swells
97
what are eicosanoid messengers derived from?
arachidonic acid
98
what is half-life?
time for a chemical to decrease its concentration by half
99
what is an agonist?
compounds that bind to receptor and cause normal response
100
what is an antagonist?
a blocker
101
what are adenylate cyclase (GPCR) 2nd messengers?
cAMP and protein kinase A
102
4 primary cell & tissue types
muscle
nervous
epithelial
connective
103
average body water for females
50%
104
K+ ICF
140 mM
105
K+ ECF
4 mM
106
Na+ ICF
15 mM
107
Na+ ECF
145 mM
108
where is Mg2+ concentration higher?
ECF
109
where is Ca2+ concentration higher?
ECF
110
where is Cl- concentration higher?
ECF
111
where is HCO3- concentration higher?
ECF
112
where is glucose concentration higher?
ECF
113
where is amino acid concentration higher?
ICF
114
where is ATP concentration higher?
ICF
115
where is protein concentration higher?
ICF
116
examples of monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
117
what is the primary purpose of triglycerides?
provide energy
118
what are phospholipids made of?
polar head and non polar tail
119
what is structure of steroids?
3 6-carbon rings joined to a 5-carbon ring
120
what is the primary function of steroids?
regulation
121
primary protein structure
amino acid sequence
122
what is activation energy?
energy difference between initial and transition state
123
what is the initial substrate of Krebs cycle
acetyl CoA
124
where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
microchondria
125
what are the functions of the membrane
enclose cell contents
act as mechanical barrier
determine cell composition & function
126
how can simple diffusion happen?
directly through lipid bilayer, pores, or gated channels
127
what substrates can move through using simple diffusion?
uncharged & hydrophobic
128
what is flux?
rate of diffusion
129
what is the rate of diffusion dependent on?
permeability of membrane
magnitude of concentration gradient
surface area of membrane
130
what are the characteristics of a channel?
acts like a pore & is substance specific
131
what is the driving force of ion channels?
electrochemical gradient
132
what is ion channel selectivity determined by?
pore size
charges of amino acids
133
how does electrochemical driving force act when chemical & electrical forces are in the same direction?
acts in the direction of each force
magnitude is the sum of the two forces
134
how does the electrochemical driving force act when chemical & electrical forces are in opposite directions?
acts in the direction of the stronger force
magnitude is larger - smaller force
135
what is secondary active transport accomplished by?
symporters and antiporters
136
what does tonicity describe?
a property of a solution
137
what is tonicity determined by?
concentration of non-penetrating solutes
138
direct intracellular communication
cells are directly in contact, molecules pass directly
139
indirect intracellular communication
one cell secretes messenger, messenger binds to receptor on itself or another cell
140
what do gap junctions do?
provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells, direct communication
141
where are gap junctions common?
smooth and cardiac muscle
142
paracrines
secrete messenger into ECF, binds to receptor on neighboring cell
143
autocrines
secrete messenger into ECF which binds to receptor on itself
144
neurotransmitter
secreted from neurons into synapse; bind to receptor on postsynaptic cell
145
hormones
secreted from endocrine cell into blood; bind to receptor on target cell
146
what are amine messengers derived from?
amino acids
147
catecholamines
dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine; derived from tyrosine
148
thyroid hormones
T3 and T4; derived from tyrosine
149
serotonin
derived from tryptophan
150
histamine
derived from histidine
151
what are steroid messengers derived from?
cholesterol
152
how are messengers transported?
diffusion or blood (hormones only)
153
which messengers have a sort half-life?
messengers dissolved in plasma
154
which messengers have a long half-life?
messengers bound to plasma protein
155
where do lipophobic (hydrophilic) ligands bind?
cell membrane
156
where do lipophilic (hydrophobic) ligands bind?
within the cell
157
what does the magnitude of target cell response depend on?
messenger concentration, number of receptors, affinity
158
fast response receptors
receptor and effector are the same protein
159
slow response receptors
receptor and effector are separate proteins coupled by G proteins
160
phospholipase C (GPCR) 2nd messengers
IP3 (activates Ca2+) & DAG (activates protein kinase C)
