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Physiology > Lab Exam 3 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Define blood flow

A

the amount of blood moving through the body (or tissue) in a given period of time

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2
Q

What is blood flow directly related to?

A

the change in pressure gradient

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3
Q

What is blood flow indirectly related to?

A

resistance

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4
Q

Define blood pressure

A

the force the blood exerts onto the wall of the blood vessel

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5
Q

What is blood pressure determined by?

A

the pumping pressure of the heart & the resistance of the blood vessels

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6
Q

Define peripheral resistance

A

the friction between the blood vessel & the blood

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7
Q

What does peripheral resistance cause?

A

resistance to blood flow

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8
Q

What affects peripheral resistance?

A
  1. blood viscosity (thickness of blood)
  2. vessel radius
  3. vessel length
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9
Q

Define blood viscosity

A

the thickness of your blood

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10
Q

What are the units of blood flow?

A

ml/sec

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11
Q

Define cardiac output

A

the volume of blood pumped from the heart to the body per minute

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12
Q

What is cardiac output the product of?

A

heart rate & stroke volume

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13
Q

Define heart rate

A

the number of times the heart beats per minute

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14
Q

Define stroke volume

A

the volume of blood pumped from the heart with each beat

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15
Q

Define systole

A

the ventricular contraction period
1. isovolumic contraction
2. ventricular ejection

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16
Q

Define diastole

A

period when the ventricles are NOT contracting
1. isovolumic relaxation
2. passive ventricular filling
3. atrial systole

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17
Q

Define end diastolic volume

A

the volume of blood in the ventricle when atrial systole & ventricular filling are COMPLETE

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18
Q

Define systolic volume

A

the volume of blood remaining in the ventricle at the end of the EJECTION phase

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19
Q

Define atherosclerosis

A

the build up of fats. plaques in the walls of arteries

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20
Q

How does atherosclerosis affect blood vessel radius and blood flow?

A

it will decrease the radius & decrease the blood flow

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21
Q

What is the relationship between blood flow & vessel length?

A

they are indirectly related
as one increases the other decreases

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22
Q

What components in the blood control viscosity?

A

plasma proteins, RBCs, WBCs, platelets (formed elements)
low levels of all of these will decrease blood viscosity

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23
Q

According to physioex activities, how does increasing right flow tube radius affect flow rate, resistance, & pump rate?

A

as the right flow radius increases, resistance with decrease, and blood flow/pump rate will increase

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24
Q

Using the Frank Starling Law, explain the relationship between venous return (preload) & stroke volume

A

increasing venous return will STRETCH cardiac muscle causing a greater force of contraction, thus INCREASING stroke volume

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25
Q

What intrinsic factors control stroke volume (the volume pumped out of the heart with each beat)?

A

contractility & preload

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26
Q

What is propranolol?

A

a beta-blocker medication that is used to treat high blood pressure

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27
Q

How does propranolol alter stroke volume?

A

it decreases blood pressure & DECREASES stroke volume

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28
Q

What is hypertension?

A

high blood pressure

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29
Q

How does hypertension change the pump function of the heart?

A

the heart will pump against the pressure, making it work harder, causing the heart muscle to thicken

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30
Q

What do myocardial cells do?

A

contract to pump blood

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31
Q

What do automatic cells do?

A

produce action potentials

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32
Q

What do automatic cells use to transport action potentials to cardiac cells?

A

gap junctions

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33
Q

What is the resting membrane potential for myocardial cells?

A

-90 mV

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34
Q

What current is responsible for phase 4 (resting) during myocardial AP?

A

IK1
inwardly rectifying K+ current

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35
Q

What current is responsible for phase 0 (upstroke) during myocardial AP?

A

INa
sodium current

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36
Q

What current is responsible for phase 1 (early repolarization) during myocardial AP?

A

Ito
transient outward K+ current

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37
Q

What current is responsible for phase 2 (plateau) during myocardial AP?

A

ICaL, Ito, IK
calcium current
transient outward K+ current
delayed rectifier K+ current

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38
Q

What current is responsible for phase 3 (final repolarization) during myocardial AP?

A

IK
delayed rectifier K+ current

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39
Q

Describe the effective (absolute) refractory period

A

no action potential can be generated
happens from the beginning of upstroke to phase 3

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40
Q

Describe the relative refractory period

A

a strong stimulus is needed for another AP
the more negative the membrane potential, the greater the AP

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41
Q

Describe extra systole

A

initiation of a second contraction before relaxation is completed from the first

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42
Q

What causes extra systole?

A

a strong secondary stimulus during the relative refractory period

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43
Q

Describe compensatory pause

A

a pause in systole followed by an extra systole

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44
Q

What causes compensatory pause?

A

an extra systole cannot occur during systole due to absolute refractory period

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45
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of cardiac autonomic cells?

A

-50 mV

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46
Q

What current is responsible for phase 4 (slow diastolic depolarization) of autonomic cell AP?

A

If, ICaT, IK
funny current, inward type T calcium current, delayed rectifier K+ current (outward movement)

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47
Q

What current is responsible for phase 0 (upstroke) of autonomic cell AP?

A

ICaL
inward type L calcium current

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48
Q

What current is responsible for phase 3 (repolarization) of autonomic cell AP?

A

IK
delayed rectifier K+ current (outward movement)

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49
Q

How does increased sympathetic activity affect the firing rate of SA node?

A

more POSITIVE diastolic potential creating a SHORTER phase 4

B1 receptor is activated resulting in If & ICaT

50
Q

How does increased parasympathetic activity affect the firing rate of SA node?

A

more NEGATIVE diastolic potential creating a LONGER phase 4

muscarinic receptors activated resulting in IK

51
Q

Define myocardial contractility

A

the force of contraction of the heart muscles

52
Q

How does calcium argument myocardial contractility?

A
  1. sympathetic activation increases cAMP concentrations
  2. calcium levels increase
  3. contractility increases
53
Q

Define drug

A

a substance that affects some aspect of physiology when given to the body

54
Q

Define endogenous compound

A

a substance that is NORMALLY found in the body

55
Q

Define physiological effect of drugs

A

normal effect of the substances at healthy concentrations

56
Q

Define pharmacological effect of drugs

A

effect of the compound when administered as a drug

57
Q

How does pilocarpine affect heart rate?

A

stimulates parasympathetic activities
DECREASES HR

58
Q

How does atropine affect heart rate & contractility?

A

decreases parasympathetic activities
INCREASES HR, INCREASES contractility

59
Q

How does epinephrine affect heart rate & contractility?

A

activates B1-adrenergic receptors leading to an increase in cAMP
INCREASES HR, INCREASES contractility

60
Q

How does digitalis affect contractility?

A

blocks Na/K pump causing a build up of Na and Ca in the cell
INCREASES contractility

61
Q

How do calcium ions affect heart rate & contractility?

A

INCREASES HR, INCREASES contractility

62
Q

How do potassium ions affect heart rate?

A

INCREASES HR

63
Q

In a normal heart, the beat generated from what node dominates the HR?

A

SA node

64
Q

The sympathetic nervous system releases what?

A

epinepherine

65
Q

What does epinephrine bind to?

A

beta adrenergic receptors

66
Q

How does epinephrine affect HR?

A

increases it

67
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system releases what?

A

acetylcholine

68
Q

What does acetylcholine bind to?

A

muscarinic receptors

69
Q

How does acetylcholine affect HR?

A

decreases it

70
Q

How does increasing calcium affect stoke volume?

A

increasing calcium increases contractility thus INCREASING stroke volume

71
Q

What are the major muscles for inspiration?

A

diaphragm & EXTERNAL intercostal muscles

72
Q

What are the major muscles for FORCED expiration?

A

abdominal wall & INTERNAL intercostal muscles

73
Q

Differentiate between static & dynamic lung volume

A

both are a measurement of lung volume
time is a component in dynamic ONLY

74
Q

What is static lung VOLUME?

A

the specific amount within the lung for a given parameter

75
Q

What is static lung CAPACITY?

A

the SUM of 2 or more lung volumes

76
Q

Define TV

A

tidal volume
the volume during normal inspiration & expiration

77
Q

Define IRV

A

inspiratory reserve volume
the amount of air FORCEFULLY inspired after normal inspiration

78
Q

Define ERV

A

expiratory reserve volume
the amount of air FORCEFULLY expired after normal expiration

79
Q

Define RV

A

residual volume
what REMAINS after max expiration

80
Q

Define IC

A

inspiratory capacity
the amount of air that can be inhaled

81
Q

How do you calculate inspiratory capacity (IC)?

A

tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

82
Q

Defince VC

A

vital capacity
the amount of air that can be FORCEFULLY inhaled & exhaled

83
Q

How do you calculate vital capacity (VC)?

A

tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) + expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

84
Q

Define FRC

A

functional residual capacity
the amount of air left in the lung after a normal exhale

85
Q

How do you calculate function residual capacity (FRC)?

A

expiratory reserve volume (ERV) + residual volume (RV)

86
Q

Define TLC

A

total lung capacity
the max amount of air within the lungs

87
Q

How do you calculate total lung capacity (TLC)?

A

tidal volume (TV) + expiratory reserve volume (ERV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) + residual volume (RV)
ADD ALL THE VOLUMES

88
Q

What is the function of a respirometer?

A

measures RESPIRATION by the changes in O2 & CO2

89
Q

What is a spirogram?

A

an instrument that measures the volume of the lung

90
Q

Describe the measurement of FEV1.0

A

forced expiratory volume
the amount of vital capacity that can exhaled in 1 SECOND

91
Q

Differentiate between an obstructive lung disease & a restrictive lung disease

A

an OBSTRUCTIVE lung disease is an increase in airway resistance that can be measured by FEV1 but a RESTRICTIVE lung disease is lung stiffness that reduces expansion & causes a decreased in functional vital capacity

92
Q

What does surfactant do?

A

reduce surface tension in the alveoli

93
Q

What is intrapleural pressure?

A

the pressure that keeps the visceral & parietal pleural from separating

94
Q

Why is intrapleural pressure negative?

A

a partial vacuum in the pleural sac is created by the elastic nature of the chest wall & the elastic properties/ surface tension of the alveolar fluid

95
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

a condition when the intrapleural pressure equalizes with the atmospheric pressure

96
Q

What is atelectasis?

A

a collapsed lung

97
Q

How does pneumothorax cause atelectasis?

A

the loss of negative pressure causes the lungs to recoil & collapse

98
Q

What is the primary factor that regulates ventilation?

A

the amount of fresh air that reaches the alveoli (alveolar ventilation)

99
Q

How does hyperventilation affect ventilation?

A

ventilation EXCEEDS what the body needs causing a decrease in arterial PCO2

100
Q

How does hypoventilation affect ventilation?

A

ventilation is NOT meeting what the body needs causing an increase in arterial PCO2

101
Q

How does rebreathing affect ventilation?

A

CO2 is being breathed instead of O2 causing an increase in PCO2

102
Q

In a patient with emphysema, what lung volumes change?

A

ERV, IRV, RV, FVC

103
Q

What cells secrete surfactant?

A

alveolar type 2 cells

104
Q

What kind of biomolecule is surfactant?

A

phospholipid

105
Q

Describe the process of inhalation

A
  1. external intercostals & diaphragm contract
  2. lungs, chest wall, & ribs expand
  3. sternum moves up & out
  4. decrease pressure in thoracic cavity & alveoli
  5. air moves in
106
Q

Describe the process of exhalation

A
  1. external intercostals & diaphragm relax
  2. chest cavity & lungs contract (only during forced)
  3. ribs & sternum depress
  4. increase pressure in thoracic cavity & alveoli
  5. air moves out
107
Q

Inspiration is considered what kind of process?

A

active, due to the muscle contractions requiring ATP

108
Q

During quiet breathings, expiration is considered what kind of process?

A

passive

109
Q

During exercise, expiration is considered what kind of process?

A

active

110
Q

Increasing the pressure gradient does what to blood flow?

A

increases it

111
Q

Decreasing the pressure gradient does what to blood flow?

A

decreases it

112
Q

Increasing viscosity does what to blood flow?

A

decreases it

113
Q

Decreasing viscosity does what to blood flow?

A

increases it

114
Q

Increasing vessel radius does what to blood flow?

A

increases it

115
Q

Decreasing vessel radius does what to blood flow?

A

decreases it

116
Q

Increasing vessel length does what to blood flow?

A

decreases it

117
Q

Decreasing vessel length does what to blood flow?

A

increases it

118
Q

Describe excitation-coupling reaction in cardiac muscle cells

A
  1. myocardial AP opens voltage gated Ca2+ channels
  2. Ca2+ entering the cell binds to SR Ca2+ release channels
  3. CICR (calcium induced calcium release)
119
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output when given stroke volume & HR?

A

SV x HR

120
Q

How do you calculate stroke volume?

A

end diastolic volume - end systolic volume

Physiology (11 decks)

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