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Physiology > Lab Exam 4 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 8 structures of the GI tract?

A

mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
duodenum
small intestine
colon
rectum

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2
Q

What are the 6 digestive accessory structures?

A

teeth
tongue
salivary glands
liver
gall bladder
pancreas

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3
Q

Define ingestion

A

the process of taking in macronutrients

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4
Q

Where is ingestion accomplished?

A

in the mouth

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5
Q

Define mastication

A

chewing

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6
Q

Where is mastication accomplished?

A

in the mouth

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7
Q

Define deglutition

A

swallowing

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8
Q

What is the path of deglutition?

A

mouth to pharynx to esophagus

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9
Q

Define digestion

A

macromolecules in nutrients are broken down into smaller molecules by enzymatic action

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10
Q

Define absorption

A

movement of a substance from the lumen to the blood by transport across an epithelium

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11
Q

Define defecation

A

elimination of waste material following digestion

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12
Q

What enzyme type is most involved in digestion?

A

hydrolase

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13
Q

Define mechanical digestion

A

the breakdown of macromolecules into smaller particles to enhance the capabilities of chemical digestion

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14
Q

3 examples of mechanical digestion

A

chewing in the mouth
churning in the stomach
segmentation in the small intestine

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15
Q

Define chemical digestion

A

enzyme secretion in the digestive tract causes the breakage of chemical bonds

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16
Q

What enzyme breaks down carbohydrates (starches)?

A

salivary & pancreatic amylase

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17
Q

What enzyme breaks down proteins?

A

peptidase

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18
Q

What enzyme breaks down lipids?

A

lipase

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19
Q

What is the optimum temperature for salivary amylase & starch digestion?

A

37°C

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20
Q

What is the optimum pH for salivary amylase & starch digestion?

A

7.0

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21
Q

How does heat affect digestive enzymes?

A

heat denatures them

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22
Q

How does freezing affect digestive enzymes?

A

it has no effect

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23
Q

Where does carbohydrate digestion begin?

A

in the mouth with mastication & the release of salivary amylase from the salivary glands

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24
Q

Amylase breaks down carbohydrates into what?

A

maltose (sugar)

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25
Q

When you increase amylase activity what results?

A

increase sugar (maltose)
decrease starch

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26
Q

Pancreatic amylase continues carbohydrate digestion where?

A

in the small intestine

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27
Q

Reagent IKI detects the presence of what?

A

starch

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28
Q

When starch is present in a solution, what color does IKI turn?

A

turns from caramel-colored to BLACK

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29
Q

Benedicts reagent detects the presence of what?

A

sugars (broken down starch)

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30
Q

With an increasing concentration of maltose (simple sugar), what color does Benedicts reagent turn?

A

turns from blue to green to orange to red-brown

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31
Q

How does pH affect enzymes?

A

pH can inhibit enzyme activity when it is lower or higher than optimum

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32
Q

What cells in the stomach release pepsin?

A

chief cells

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33
Q

What is BAPNA?

A

a synthetic peptide

34
Q

In the presence of an active peptidase (or pepsin) what color does a BAPNA solution turn?

A

turns from colorless to yellow

35
Q

What does the enzyme lipase do?

A

catalyzes the break down of triglycerides

36
Q

What do bile salts do?

A

break down large lipid globules into smaller lipid globules (emulsification)
increases surface area for lipase enzymes to work

37
Q

What is the optimal pH for lipase?

A

7.0

38
Q

What is the optimal pH for peptidase?

A

2.0

39
Q

How does lipid digestion look for a patient with no gallbladder?

A

the stomach produces bile so they would still be able to digest lipids but that activity would decrease so they would have to monitor their fat intake

40
Q

Can BAPNA test be used to determine the concentration of a given protein?

A

no as BAPNA only measures enzyme activity

41
Q

Define filtration

A

the movement of fluid across capillary walls of the glomerulus into bowmans capsule

GLOMERULUS to BOWMANS CAPSULE

42
Q

Define reabsorption

A

the movement of filtered solutes from the renal tubules into the plasma

RENAL TUBULES to PLASMA

43
Q

Define secretion

A

the movement of solutes from the plasma into the renal tubules

PLASMA to RENAL TUBULES

44
Q

Define excretion

A

elimination of waste from the body

45
Q

What 3 layers must a filtrate cross in order to reach the bowmans capsule?

A

capillary endothelial layer
basement membrane
bowmans capsule epithelial layer

46
Q

Why is the renal corpuscle favorable to bulk flow of fluid?

A

fenestrations
large number of slit pores
large surface area

47
Q

What is the average plasma flow rate per min?

A

625 ml/min

48
Q

What is the average glomerular filtration rate (GFR) per min?

A

125 ml/min

49
Q

What is the average glomerular filtration rate (GFR) per day?

A

180 L/day

50
Q

Which 2 pressures FAVOR filtration?

A

glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure (Pgc)
bowmans capsule osmotic pressure (piBC)

51
Q

Which 2 pressures OPPOSE filtration?

A

bowmans capsule hydrostatic pressure (Pbc)
glomerular osmotic pressure (piGC)

52
Q

What is the average glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure (favors filtration)?

A

60 mmHg

53
Q

What is the average bowmans capsule hydrostatic pressure (opposes filtration)?

A

15 mmHg

54
Q

What is the average glomerular osmotic pressure (opposes filtration)?

A

29 mmHg

55
Q

What is the average bowmans capsule osmotic pressure (factors filtration)?

A

0 mmHg

56
Q

How does glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure favor filtration?

A

the pressure pushes water & solutes in plasma through the glomerular filter

57
Q

How does glomerular osmotic pressure oppose filtration?

A

presence of proteins in the plasma draws filtrate back into the glomerulus

58
Q

How does bowmans capsule osmotic pressure favor filtration?

A

presence of proteins in the interstitial fluid draws fluid from capillaries into the capsule

59
Q

How does decreasing afferent radius affect GFR?

A

decreases glomerular pressure
decreases GFR
decreases urine volume

60
Q

How does decreasing efferent radius affect GFR?

A

increase glomerular pressure
increase GFR
increase urine volume

61
Q

How does increasing afferent radius affect GFR?

A

increase glomerular pressure
increase GFR

62
Q

How does increasing efferent radius affect GFR?

A

decrease glomerular pressure
decrease GFR

63
Q

How are AFFERENT radius & glomerular pressure, GFR, urine volume related?

A

directly related

64
Q

How are EFFERENT radius & glomerular pressure, GFR, urine volume related?

A

indirectly related

65
Q

Where are glucose carriers located?

A

in proximal convoluted tubule
(tubule closest to bowman’s capsule)

66
Q

What allows for glucose reabsorption into the plasma?

A

glucose carriers

67
Q

The number of glucose carriers is…

A

constant

68
Q

If glucose concentration exceed glucose carriers rate, what will happen?

A

glucose will be secreted in the urine
(seen in diabetes patients)

69
Q

What does ADH do?

A

increase water reabsorption
allows water to be reabsorbed from the collecting duct

70
Q

Low levels of ADH causes what?

A

an increase in urine output (water is not being reabsorbed)

71
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

increases Na+, K+ and water reabsorption

72
Q

How does aldosterone increase Na+, K+ & water reabsorption?

A

increases the number of Na+ and K+ channels
increases the Na/K pumps on the basolateral membrane

73
Q

How does ADH increase water reabsorption?

A

it releases aquaporins onto the apical membrane

74
Q

What are nephrons?

A

the filtering units of the kidney

75
Q

How does an increase in blood pressure affect glomerular pressure & GFR?

A

increases glomerular pressure & GFR

76
Q

Increasing which arteriole radius has the greater affect?

A

afferent

77
Q

How does a closed valve affect GFR?

A

decreases GFR & produces NO urine volume

78
Q

What does a closed valve represent?

A

an obstruction in the renal tubule

79
Q

Which hormone (ADH or aldosterone) has a greater effect?

A

ADH

80
Q

Can reabsorption of solutes influence water reabsorption?

A

yes, as water follows solutes using osmosis
an increase in solute reabsorption increases water reabsorption

Physiology (11 decks)

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