Lecture 9.1 highlights Flashcards
* = also MJ slide
Uncal herniation is also called?
Transentorial
_________________ herniation can cause apnea and asystole.
Cerebellar Tonsillar
3 types of congenital CNS malformations are what?
1) Neural Tube Defects (folate deficiency)
2) Forebrain malformations
3) Posterior fossa anomolies
Defects of the spinal cord or vertebrae are called?
Spina bifida
What causes a prion disease?
Abnormal form of cellular protein
*The most common disorder of myelin is what?
(* = also MJ slide)
MS
*MS is a _______________________ on the myelin shield
autoimmune attack
*1) Cognitive change, alterations in personality, and memory disturbances can be caused by what? Give an example
2) Basal ganglia disorders are _________ disorders (Parkinson Disease and Huntington Disease)
1) Cortical disease; Alzheimer Disease
2) movement
*1) What type of neurodegenerative disease can cause ataxia (ex: spinocerebellar ataxia)?
2) Which type can cause weakness and difficulty swallowing (ex: AML)?
1) Cerebellar disease
2) Motor system
*Neurodegenerative diseases cause symptoms that depend on the pattern of brain involvement; list 4 of these patterns
1) Cortical disease
2) Basal ganglia disorders
3) Cerebellar disease
4) Motor system
*Most common cause of dementia in adults
Alzheimer Disease
*What condition involves tau (tangles) proteins and amyloid in the brain?
Alzheimer Disease
*1) What is Parkinson disease?
2) What is it caused by?
1) Neurodegenerative disease marked by hypokinetic movement
2) Loss of dopaminergic neurons from the substantia nigra
*Amyotrophic results in what?
Denervation of muscles and secondary atrophy
What 4 things make tumors of the nervous system different from neoplastic processes elsewhere in the body?
1) Do not have morphologically evident premalignant or in situ stages comparable to those of carcinomas.
2) Even low-grade lesions may infiltrate large regions of the brain, leading to serious clinical deficits, inability to be resected, and poor prognosis.
3) The anatomic site of the neoplasm can influence outcome independent of histologic classification due to local effects (e.g., a benign meningioma may cause cardiorespiratory arrest from compression of the medulla).
4) Even the most highly malignant gliomas rarely spread outside of the CNS.
True or false: Even the most highly malignant gliomas rarely spread outside of the CNS.
True
The anatomic site of the CNS neoplasm can influence outcome independent of histologic classification. Why?
Due to local effects (e.g., a benign meningioma may cause cardiorespiratory arrest from compression of the medulla).
Even low-grade CNS lesions may infiltrate large regions of the brain, leading to what 3 things?
1) Serious clinical deficits
2) Inability to be resected
3) Poor prognosis.
True or false: Tumors of the CNS do not have morphologically evident premalignant or in situ stages comparable to those of carcinomas.
True
Medulloblastomas:
1) Predominately occur in who?
2) Cons?
3) Pros?
1) Children
2) Highly malignant
3) Exquisitely radiosensitive
Resection, chemo, & irradiation → 5-year survival is 75%
Meningiomas are predominately benign or malignant?
Benign
1) Metastatic spread of __________ tumors to other regions of the body is rare, but the _______ is not comparably protected against the spread of distant tumors.
2) Carcinomas are the dominant type of systemic tumors that metastasize to the _____________ system
1) brain; brain
2) nervous
Acute Inflammatory Dermatoses: Urticaria
1) What mediates it?
2) What type of rxn is it?
3) How long does it last?
1) Mediated by localized mast cell degranulation → dermal microvascular hyperpermeability
2) Type I hypersensitivity reaction involving IgE
3) Usually develop and fade within hours, sometimes chronic
Acute Inflammatory Dermatoses: Acute Eczematous Dermatitis
1) What is eczema?
2) What kind stems from topical exposure to an allergen and is caused by delayed hypersensitivity reactions?
3) What causes atopic dermatitis?
4) What is Drug-related eczematous dermatitis?
1) Plaques → overlying vesicles → oozing/crusting → pruritis is common
2) Allergic contact dermatitis
3) Formerly attributed to allergen exposure, now thought to often stem from defects in keratinocyte barrier function, defined as skin with increased permeability to substances to which it is exposed, such as potential antigens
4) Hypersensitivity reaction to a drug
Acute Inflammatory Dermatoses:
Erythema Multiforme is related to hypersensitivity responses to what 2 things?
1) Infections
2) Drugs (sulfonamides, etc)
*Psoriasis is often found on _____________ surfaces
extensor
*Infectious Dermatoses: Give an example of the superficial bacterial type
Impetigo (Staph aureus, etc)
*What are 2 examples of superficial fungal Infectious Dermatoses?
Tinea & Candida
*Blistering (Bullous) Disorders: List 3 of them
1) Pemphigus
2) Bullous
3) Dermatitis Herpeteformis
The incidence of what 2 carcinomas mentioned are strongly correlated with increasing lifetime sun exposure?
Basal cell + SCC
