Highlights 3.1 Flashcards
How many different hydrolases are there to tear stuff apart?
40
1) What’s permeable to the plasma membrane?
2) What’s impermeable?
1) Very small particles, non-polar particles
-Water, O2, CO2, ethanol, steroids, vit D
2) Polar particles, large particles
-Proteins, glucose, ions
What are the 2 ways of active transport thru the plasma membrane?
1) Pumps
2) ATPase
1) What do chaperone molecules ensure?
2) What does the smooth ER synthesize?
3) What organelle is responsible for packaging?
1) Protein is properly folded
2) Steroids
3) Golgi
Thing that “lands” on a receptor is a ________________
ligand
Sometimes transcription factors bind in the ____________ region
promotor
Sometimes transcription factors bind to long-range _____________________ called “enhancers” which – though far away – “loop back” to interact with the genes they regulate
regulatory elements
“_____________” are pieces of DNA
Elements
What prevent apoptosis?
Growth factors
List 2 causes of cell injury
1) Hypoxia/ ischemia
2) Infection
What are the 3 types of toxins?
Direct-acting, latent, and ROS
What are ROS?
Reactive oxygen species; free radicals that are highly reactive and react with cellular components, destroying them
Give 2 examples of ROS
Hydrogen peroxide, radiation
What 3 things being lost/ unable to be restored are signs of irreversible damage?
1) Mitochondrial function
2) Plasma membrane [structure and funct.]
3) Loss of DNA and chromatin [structural integrity]
True or false: Dysplasia does not indicate cancer, though it is on the pathway to becoming cancerous
True
What is a key factor of apoptosis?
Membrane-bound (cell parts don’t go everywhere)
Out of the 4 forms of adaptation:
1) Which reference cell size?
2) Which references cell number?
3) Which refers to cell type?
1) Hypertrophy and atrophy
2) Hyperplasia
3) Metaplasia
True or false: Hyperplasia alone is not enough to cause cancer
True
Lysis of cellular architecture specifically does NOT occur during what phase of coagulative necrosis?
Late stage
True or false: pH does not fall in liquefactive necrosis
True
“Granuloma” are associated with what kind of necrosis?
Caseous
True or false: it is NOT the cell’s default to release cytochrome C
False; it is the default
What key 3 things start the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis?
1) Planned death as a part of embryonic development
2) Failure to receive external signals from outside the cell that prevent destruction
3) P53 tumor suppressor activity
P53 tumor suppressor gene creates ___________ protein which can do 3 things
P53
1) What gets P53 started?
2) Why would this occur?
1) Increased concentrations of misfolded proteins in the Endoplasmic reticulum
2) Mutation
1) What 2 big things happen when inflammation starts?
2) What does each mean?
1) You get more fluid to the area; vascular changes
2) Your body’s cells “go to war”; cell and protein mediated destruction
List and define the 4 external manifestations of inflammation
1) Rubor - redness
2) Calor - heat
3) Tumor - swelling
4) Dolor – painful
Microbes and necrotic cells are recognized by what 3 things?
1) Foreign invaders
2) Internal stimuli
3) Circulating proteins
Phagocytes & dendritic cells are involved in what?
Recognition of foreign invaders
Where are there signals that things have gone awry within the cell?
Inside the cytosol
Signals within the cytosol that things have gone awry within the cell are called what?
“DAMPs”
What do DAMPs activate? What does this do?
Inflammasome; recruits leukocytes and induces inflammation
What are the two major steps of inflammation?
1) Increases blood flow (vasodilation)
2) Makes vessels more permeable (permeability)
What substance has high protein concentration and contains cellular debris?
Exudate
Transudate is the result of osmotic pressure or hydrostatic imbalance across vessels with _______________ permeability
normal
Prostaglandins have lots of functions; what generates them?
COX-1 and COX-2
1) Chronic inflammatory disease is suppressed with Agents that block _____________ .
2) Define this
1) TNF
2) Major cytokine of leukocyte recruitment are successful therapies for this
What can cause fatty liver changes? (3 things)
1) Alcohol abuse
2) Diabetes with obesity
3) NASH (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis)
What are the 2 things receptor can do once a ligand lands on it?
1) Initiate a second messenger system or
2) Interact directly w. DNA
