Exam II studying Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary cause of hyperemia?

A

Excessive arterial blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for thrombosis?
a) Factor V Leiden mutation
b) Protein C & S deficiency
c) High HDL levels
d) Immobility

A

c) High HDL levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Factor V Leiden mutation increases the risk of:
a) Bleeding disorders
b) Thrombosis
c) Anemia
d) Hemophilia

A

b) Thrombosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A pulmonary embolism most commonly originates from a:
a) Carotid artery thrombus
b) Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
c) Cardiac mural thrombus
d) Fat embolism

A

b) Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Kawasaki disease primarily affects:
a) Elderly patients
b) Infants and young children
c) Middle-aged adults
d) Immunocompromised individuals

A

b) Infants and young children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which condition is characterized by exaggerated vasoconstriction of digital arteries?

A

Raynaud’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which of the following is a major risk factor for Buerger’s disease?
a) Hypertension
b) Smoking
c) Diabetes
d) Hypercholesterolemia

A

b) Smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In septic shock, endothelial cells release nitric oxide, causing:
a) Vasoconstriction
b) Vasodilation
c) Increased platelet aggregation
d) Hypertension

A

b) Vasodilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Prostacyclin (PGI2) & nitric oxide have what in common?

A

Both inhibit platelets, both are endothelial anticoagulants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Prostacyclin (PGI2), nitric oxide, (both inhibit platelets) adenosine diphosphatase have what in common?

A

All are endothelial anticoagulants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

True or false: A white infarct is caused by arterial occlusion

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

True or false: Factor V Leiden mutation makes clotting more difficult.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

True or false:
1) Aortic dissection occurs when blood enters between layers of the vessel wall.
2) Malignant hypertension has a rapid progression with BP > 200/120 mmHg.

A

1) True
2) True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Warfarin’s MOA?

A

Inhibits vitamin K/ depletes its reserves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

True or false:
1) Protein C and S deficiencies lead to increased bleeding.
2) Atherosclerotic aneurysms occur most frequently in the abdominal aorta and common illiac

A

1) False (they’re anticoagulants, so if you don’t have enough, you bleed less)
2) True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

True or false:
1) Heparin overdose can be reversed with vitamin K.
2) Coronary (localized) atherosclerosis is a cause of MIs (T/F)

A

1) False (Protamine Sulfate is the antidote)
2) True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

CD4 secretes what cytokines in type I rxns?

A

IL-4-> IgE
IL-5 -> activates mast cells
IL-13 -> allergy symptoms (sneeze, cough, runny eyes) as body is trying to flush out parasite/allergen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the main function of C3b in the complement system?
A) Destroy red blood cells
B) Opsonization of pathogens
C) Neutralization of viruses
D) Antigen presentation

A

B) Opsonization of pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the role of CD8 T cells?
A) Antibody production
B) Antigen presentation
C) Killing infected cells
D) Activating neutrophils

A

C) Killing infected cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What 3 weapons do CD8 cells have?

A

Perforins (poke holes), fas ligand, + cytokines (activate apoptosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the primary role of MHC II molecules on APCs?
A) Present self-antigens to CD8 T cells
B) Present foreign antigens to CD4 T cells
C) Recognize IgE antibodies
D) Destroy pathogens directly

A

B) Present foreign antigens to CD4 T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Somatic recombination allows for diversity in what immune cells?

A

B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What occurs during a Type II hypersensitivity reaction?
A) Immune complexes deposit in tissues
B) Antibodies attack self-cells
C) Delayed T-cell response
D) Histamine release

A

B) Antibodies attack self-cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which hypersensitivity reaction involves antigen-antibody complexes causing tissue damage?
A) Type I
B) Type II
C) Type III
D) Type IV

A

C) Type III

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which hypersensitivity reaction involves antigen-antibody complexes causing tissue damage?
A) Type I
B) Type II
C) Type III
D) Type IV

A

C) Type III

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What condition is associated with Type IV hypersensitivity?
A) Anaphylaxis
B) Myasthenia gravis
C) Contact dermatitis
D) Hemolytic anemia

A

C) Contact dermatitis (think poison ivy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Which autoimmune disease is specifically mentioned to involve autoantibodies against nuclear antigens?
A) Rheumatoid arthritis
B) Multiple sclerosis
C) Systemic lupus erythematosus
D) Myasthenia gravis

A

C) Systemic lupus erythematosus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the likely primary mechanism of rheumatoid arthritis?
A) Type I hypersensitivity
B) Type II hypersensitivity
C) Type III hypersensitivity
D) Type IV hypersensitivity

A

D) Type IV hypersensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which autoimmune disease targets the neuromuscular junction?
A) Multiple sclerosis
B) Hashimoto thyroiditis
C) Myasthenia gravis
D) Pemphigus

A

C) Myasthenia gravis
(Ig shuts off Ach receptors at NMJ; type II hypersensitivity receptor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

In which phase of HIV infection does seroconversion occur?
A) Acute phase
B) Chronic phase
C) AIDS phase
D) Latency phase

A

A) Acute phase
(takes 1-6 months)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the primary type of amyloidosis?
A) Multiple myeloma-associated
B) Reactive systemic
C) Localized
D) None of the above

A

A) Multiple myeloma-associated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Which is a common opportunistic infection in AIDS patients?
A) Influenza
B) Pneumocystis pneumonia
C) Hepatitis A
D) Lyme disease

A

B) Pneumocystis pneumonia

33
Q

What are the 3 groups of AIDS defining conditions?

A

1) Serious opportunistic infxns (pneumonia, colitis),
2) Secondary neoplasms (lymphomas, kaposi sarcoma),
3) Neurologic manifestations (encephalitis, dementia)

34
Q

What triggers organ transplant rejection?
A) Autoantibodies
B) Host T cells recognizing foreign HLA antigens
C) B cell proliferation
D) IgE-mediated response

A

B) Host T cells recognizing foreign HLA antigens

35
Q

What is amyloidosis characterized by?
A) Autoantibodies against connective tissue
B) Deposition of fibrillar proteins in tissues
C) Excessive B cell activation
D) Hyperactive mast cells

A

B) Deposition of fibrillar proteins in tissues

36
Q

List some types of amyloidosis

A

1) Primary (multiple myeloma)
2) Reactive systemic (chronic inflammation)
3) Others (localized)

37
Q

What test is used to diagnose amyloidosis?
A) PCR test
B) Biopsy
C) Blood culture
D) ELISA

38
Q

What is a function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
A) Steroid synthesis
B) Protein folding
C) ATP production
D) Intracellular digestion

A

A) Steroid synthesis

39
Q

What molecule tags proteins for degradation in the proteasome?
A) Ubiquitin
B) ATP
C) Cytochrome C
D) Histamine

A

A) Ubiquitin

40
Q

What is hypertrophy?
A) Decrease in cell number
B) Increase in cell size
C) Replacement of one cell type with another
D) Uncontrolled cell death

A

B) Increase in cell size

41
Q

Which of the following is an example of metaplasia?
A) Increased cardiac muscle size
B) Change in bronchi cells due to smoking
C) Loss of neurons due to aging
D) Red blood cell destruction

A

B) Change in bronchi cells due to smoking

42
Q

What type of necrosis is commonly seen in ischemia and infarction?
A) Liquefactive
B) Caseous
C) Coagulative
D) Fat

A

C) Coagulative

43
Q

Which type of necrosis is associated with tuberculosis?
A) Coagulative
B) Caseous
C) Liquefactive
D) Fibrinoid

A

B) Caseous

44
Q

Differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis; which involves mitochondria?

A

1) Intrinsic: mitochondria initiate apoptosis
2) Extrinsic (death receptor): cells express antigens on surface to trigger apoptosis

45
Q

What is the effector caspase?

46
Q

What is the role of caspases in apoptosis?
A) Inhibit inflammation
B) Trigger DNA replication
C) Execute cell death
D) Repair damaged mitochondria

A

C) Execute cell death

47
Q

What protein prevents cytochrome C from being released/ apoptosis?
A) Bax
B) Bak
C) BCL-2
D) BAD

48
Q

Describe the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis

A

Bax-bak homodimer comes together to let cytochrome c out of cell:
1) BCL-2 protein binds with bax (so bax can’t bind to bak to let cytochrome c out)
2) When it’s time to self destruct, BAD protein is produced which binds to BCL-2 and allows bax-bak to come together and let cytochrome c out
3) This leads to initiation of caspaces 8,9, then 3 which self destructs cell

49
Q

Describe PRR + PAMP functions

A

1) PRR (pattern recognition receptors) on phagocytes surface
-Allows innate system to latch on to foreign invaders (recognize 1000s of pathogens)
2) PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular pattern) are pieces of pathogen that are essential for the pathogens life cycle that are recognizable by PRP
-Same type of system that connect to DAMPs when cell is damaged
-PRR (receptor) + PAMP (ligand on pathogen) initiate phagocytosis and cytokine release

50
Q

List 3 medications that block TNF (leukocyte-recruiting cytokine) for chronic inflammatory disease Tx

A

Infliximab (Remicade)
Adalimumab (Humira)
Etanercept (Enbrel)

51
Q

Systemic acute-phase response includes what

A

Fever + SIRS response

52
Q

What type of molecule recognizes PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns)?
A) T cells
B) Phagocytes
C) Antibodies
D) Plasma cells

A

B) Phagocytes

53
Q

Which is the receptor, PRR or PAMP?

54
Q

Which exists on pathogens, PRR or PAMP?

55
Q

What inflammatory molecule is produced via COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes?
A) Histamine
B) Prostaglandins
C) Complement proteins
D) Cytokines

A

B) Prostaglandins

56
Q

How do NSAIDs Tx fever?

A

Turn down prostaglandins

57
Q

What do leukotrienes (from mast cells) do?

A

1) Involved in vascular and smooth muscle reactions and leukocyte recruitment
2) Key for vasodilation

58
Q

What are two Arachidonic Acid Metabolites?

A

Prostaglandins and leukotrienes

59
Q

What drug type blocks leukotrienes to treat asthma and allergies?
A) NSAIDs
B) COX inhibitors
C) Leukotriene receptor antagonists
D) Corticosteroids

A

C) Leukotriene receptor antagonists

60
Q

List some pharmacologic suppressors of inflammation

A

1) COX inhibitors (NSAIDs to COX2)
2) Lipoxygenase inhibitors
3) Corticosteroids (reduce transcription of genes for COX2, phospholipase, and inflammatory cytokines)
4) Leukotriene receptor antagonists (stop action of leukotrienes to treat asthma/allergies)

61
Q

What type of inflammation is characterized by watery exudate?
A) Fibrinous
B) Purulent
C) Granulomatous
D) Serous

A

D) Serous (created by injury to surface epithelium)

62
Q

What cytokine is a key mediator of fever?
A) TNF-alpha
B) IL-1
C) IL-6
D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above

63
Q

What acute-phase protein increases during inflammation?

A

CRP (C-reactive protein)

64
Q

What are exogenous pyrogenes? (in fever/ acute phase response)

A

Bacterial products stimulate leukocytes to release cytokines (primarily IL-1 and TNF) that increase the enzymes (cyclooxygenase) that convert AA to prostaglandins

65
Q

How can the liver repair itself?

A

Cytokines and growth factors

66
Q

What type of wound healing involves more scarring and wound contraction?
A) First intention
B) Second intention
C) Granulation tissue formation
D) Primary union

A

B) Second intention

67
Q

What are the 3 main phases of cutaneous wound healing?

A

1) Inflammation
2) Formation of granulation tissue
3) ECM remodeling

68
Q

What cellular process contributes to aging?
A) Accumulation of DNA mutations
B) Increased ATP production
C) Enhanced mitochondrial function
D) Lower levels of reactive oxygen species

A

A) Accumulation of DNA mutations

69
Q

Give examples of intracellular accumulations

A

1) Fatty liver changes: due to alcohol abuse, DM with obesity, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)
2) Atherosclerosis
3) Coal miners lung: due to exogenous carbon producing anthracosis
4) Lipofuscin: yellow-brown pigment of membrane lipids (wear and tear)
5) Calcification: common on aortic valve

70
Q

What are 2 effects of cellular aging?

A

1) Decreased cell replication (limited capacity)
2) Build up of various substance (triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins, glycogen pigments)

71
Q

Suppurative inflammation is also called what?

72
Q

When does the body use Granulomatous Inflammation?

A

When the pathogen can’t be eliminated

73
Q

What acts as a cellular “doorstop”?

A

BCL-2 (keeps bax-bak from becoming a homodimer)

74
Q

When is the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis used?

A

Self-reactive T cells in the thymus

75
Q

How does the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis start?

A

Self-reactive T cell presents antigen to death receptor (TNF-alpha, Fas Fas)

76
Q

What does heritability measure?
A) The chance of passing a disorder to offspring
B) The fraction of phenotypic variance due to genetic variation
C) The likelihood of an environmental factor influencing a trait
D) The presence of a trait in one individual but not their relative

A

B) The fraction of phenotypic variance due to genetic variation

77
Q

True or false: DM is an example of a multifactorial disorder

78
Q

How is the relative risk ratio used in studying multifactorial diseases?
A) It compares affected relatives to the general population
B) It identifies the exact genes responsible for a disease
C) It measures the environmental impact on a disease
D) It determines if a disease is Mendelian or multifactorial

A

A) It compares affected relatives to the general population