Highlights lecture 4.2

Question 1

TNF, IL-1 is a function of what?

Answer 1

Cytokines

Question 2

PRR connects to what?

Answer 2

PAMPs

Question 3

What do PRR + PAMP do?

Answer 3

Initiate phagocytosis

Question 4

Involvement of B and T cells in antigen presentation is what creates the bridge from innate to _________ immune response

Answer 4

adaptive

Question 5

What are the 3 ways to grab a pathogen?

Answer 5

1) PRR + PAMP
2) C3b receptor + C3b complement
3) Antibody + FC receptor

Question 6

B & T cells:
1) Which produces antibodies?
2) Which develop from naive to effector with the help of an APC?
3) Which controls humoral immunity?

Answer 6

1) B cells
2) T cells
3) B cells

Question 7

B & T cells:
1) Which can be cytotoxic?
2) Which controls cellular immunity?

Answer 7

1) T cells
2) T cells

Question 8

MHC I: CD8 T-Cells go with what?

Answer 8

MHC I

Question 9

List the main reasons for CD8 to release its cytokines that lead to apoptosis or it destroy the cell

Answer 9

Cancer, viral infection, or a cell that is not our own

Question 10

MHC II:
1) Where does the II protein exist?
2) What recognizes the foreign antigen?
3) It is our primary way of dealing with what 2 things?

Answer 10

1) Only exists on phagocytic APCs
2) CD4 cell
3) Bacteria and fungi

Question 11

Inheritance of particular alleles can form harmful immunologic responses; give an example

Answer 11

HLA B27 causing JRA or ankylosing spondylitis just to name a few

Question 12

“Somatic recombination” allows for what?

Answer 12

Variation [in B cells]

Question 13

1) What happens to a B cell as it makes its new IgM?
2) What happens next?

Answer 13

1) Tested for self-tolerance
2) It is given IgD and allowed to leave bone marrow

Question 14

If a B cell If it finds an antigen, it must be tested again to see if it’s “right”. What happens if it’s approved by a T-cell?

Answer 14

It can proliferate

Question 15

Describe how a B cell is created and activated in 3 steps

Answer 15

1) B cell in the bone marrow
2) Leaves as a Mature Naive B cell
3) Activated B cell

Question 16

What occurs when B cells go from IgM to IgG?

Answer 16

Isotype switching

Question 17

A mature naïve B cell receives an antigen
It asks T cell for permission to react, what does it release if it says yes?

Answer 17

IgM

Question 18

True or false: IgG is hyper specific

Answer 18

True

Question 19

What happens after a mature naive B cell releases IgM?

Answer 19

Clonal expansion > somatic mutation for affinity maturation > leads to hyper specific binding

Question 20

1) What do activated plasma cells release?
2) What abt activated memory cells?

Answer 20

1) IgM released as a pentamer
2) IgG released as a monomer

Question 21

It is important to remember that the surface antigens that are __________ lead to antibodies in the blood
This is because _________________ was never developed for them

Answer 21

absent; self-tolerance

Question 22

In some cases, mother-fetus incompatibility in the Rh system can cause maternal antibodies to destroy red blood cells of the fetus, resulting in what?

Answer 22

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

Question 23

Hemolytic disease of the newborn can occur when _________ doesn’t have the antigen, but the _________ does

Answer 23

mom; baby

Question 24

What type of reaction is an allergy? What happens?

Answer 24

Type I hypersensitivity; B&T cells are activated

Question 25

Hypersensitivity: 1) What happens on first exposure? 2) What abt second? What 2 things does this cause?

Answer 25

1) Mast cells become coated with IgE 2) Mast cells burst open (degranulate) and release lots of Histamine -vasodilation and bronchospasm

Question 26

IL-4 excreted by CD4 cells is what?

Answer 26

IgE

Question 27

Describe Type II (cytotoxic) hypersensitivity reactions

Answer 27

Ig attaches to self cell -Opsonizes cell for phagocytosis -Compliment further

Question 28

Antibodies develop against the self in what kind of hypersensitivity reactions?

Answer 28

Type II (cytotoxic)

Question 29

Type II (receptor) hypersensitivity rxn: what does Ig do?

Answer 29

Lands on a receptor and either turns it off or turns it up

Question 30

Immune deposition describes what kind of hypersensitivity? What causes this?

Answer 30

Type III hypersensitivity; agent bound to antibodies that get stuck in small vessels

Question 31

1) When will type III hypersensitivity occur? 2) What does it do to the body? Give 3 examples

Answer 31

1) Systemic disease; lupus 2) Destroys good tissue; vasculitis, arthritis, kidney dz

Question 32

Destruction of articular cartilage and bone causing disabling arthritis is characteristic of what?

Answer 32

Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 33

1) Is RA systemic or local? Explain 2) What causes the disabling arthritis?

Answer 33

1) Systemic; mainly joints 2) Destruction of articular cartilage and bone

Question 34

Rheumatoid arthritis is and example of Type _______ hypersensitivity

Answer 34

IV

Question 35

Name a systemic autoimmune disease that is mainly caused by nuclear antigens

Answer 35

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Question 36

1) What condition has inherited susceptibility in Class II MHC and complement genes 2) What type of hypersensitivity is it?

Answer 36

1) Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 2) Type III Hypersensitivity

Question 37

True or false: AIDS is just a collection of disorders associated w HIV

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Name a retrovirus that kills helper T cells

Answer 38

HIV

Question 39

List the 3 ways to contract HIV

Answer 39

1) Sexual contact (75%) 2) Parenteral inoculation (IV drug users, blood transfusions) 3) Vertical

Question 40

Acute phase of HIV infection: 1) What is infected? 2) Are there Sx? 3) Define seroconversion

Answer 40

1) Memory T cells 2) Signs of systemic infection 3) Immune system responds and antibodies against HIV appear (1-6 months)

Question 41

Acute phase of HIV infection: What happens toward the end of this stage?

Answer 41

T cell numbers return to nearly normal; replicates in CD4+ T cells and macrophages

Question 42

Chronic phase (clinical latency) of HIV infection: 1) What is the virus doing? 2) Are there Sx? 3) What is happening w the CD4 cells?

Answer 42

1) Replicating 2) Minor [infections] 3) # of CD4+ cells begin to decline; greater numbers of surviving CD4+ cells are infected

Question 43

When do immune defenses diminish with HIV?

Answer 43

Toward the end of chronic phase (clinical latency)

Question 44

Rejection of solid organ transplants: 1) What initiates it? 2) Treatment of graft rejection relies on what?

Answer 44

1) Host T cells that recognize the foreign HLA antigens of the graft 2) Immunosuppressive drugs, which inhibit immune responses against the graft.

Question 45

Amyloidosis: 1) What is it? 2) What defines it? 3) How is definitive Dx made?

Answer 45

1) Group of conditions where extracellular deposits of fibrillar proteins are responsible for tissue damage and functional compromise. 2) Based on the physical properties of the fibers 3) Only by demonstrating amyloid in tissue, which requires biopsy

Question 46

List 5 traits of the adaptive immune system

Answer 46

1) Specific chemical responses 2) More effective 3) Memory component 4) Lymphocytes 5) Deficiencies in immune defenses and inappropriate activation both cause disease