Highlights lecture 4.2 Flashcards
TNF, IL-1 is a function of what?
Cytokines
PRR connects to what?
PAMPs
What do PRR + PAMP do?
Initiate phagocytosis
Involvement of B and T cells in antigen presentation is what creates the bridge from innate to _________ immune response
adaptive
What are the 3 ways to grab a pathogen?
1) PRR + PAMP
2) C3b receptor + C3b complement
3) Antibody + FC receptor
B & T cells:
1) Which produces antibodies?
2) Which develop from naive to effector with the help of an APC?
3) Which controls humoral immunity?
1) B cells
2) T cells
3) B cells
B & T cells:
1) Which can be cytotoxic?
2) Which controls cellular immunity?
1) T cells
2) T cells
MHC I: CD8 T-Cells go with what?
MHC I
List the main reasons for CD8 to release its cytokines that lead to apoptosis or it destroy the cell
Cancer, viral infection, or a cell that is not our own
MHC II:
1) Where does the II protein exist?
2) What recognizes the foreign antigen?
3) It is our primary way of dealing with what 2 things?
1) Only exists on phagocytic APCs
2) CD4 cell
3) Bacteria and fungi
Inheritance of particular alleles can form harmful immunologic responses; give an example
HLA B27 causing JRA or ankylosing spondylitis just to name a few
“Somatic recombination” allows for what?
Variation [in B cells]
1) What happens to a B cell as it makes its new IgM?
2) What happens next?
1) Tested for self-tolerance
2) It is given IgD and allowed to leave bone marrow
If a B cell If it finds an antigen, it must be tested again to see if it’s “right”. What happens if it’s approved by a T-cell?
It can proliferate
Describe how a B cell is created and activated in 3 steps
1) B cell in the bone marrow
2) Leaves as a Mature Naive B cell
3) Activated B cell
What occurs when B cells go from IgM to IgG?
Isotype switching
A mature naïve B cell receives an antigen
It asks T cell for permission to react, what does it release if it says yes?
IgM
True or false: IgG is hyper specific
True
What happens after a mature naive B cell releases IgM?
Clonal expansion > somatic mutation for affinity maturation > leads to hyper specific binding
1) What do activated plasma cells release?
2) What abt activated memory cells?
1) IgM released as a pentamer
2) IgG released as a monomer
It is important to remember that the surface antigens that are __________ lead to antibodies in the blood
This is because _________________ was never developed for them
absent; self-tolerance
In some cases, mother-fetus incompatibility in the Rh system can cause maternal antibodies to destroy red blood cells of the fetus, resulting in what?
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
Hemolytic disease of the newborn can occur when _________ doesn’t have the antigen, but the _________ does
mom; baby
What type of reaction is an allergy? What happens?
Type I hypersensitivity; B&T cells are activated
Hypersensitivity:
1) What happens on first exposure?
2) What abt second? What 2 things does this cause?
1) Mast cells become coated with IgE
2) Mast cells burst open (degranulate) and release lots of Histamine
-vasodilation and bronchospasm
IL-4 excreted by CD4 cells is what?
IgE
Describe Type II (cytotoxic) hypersensitivity reactions
Ig attaches to self cell
-Opsonizes cell for phagocytosis
-Compliment further
Antibodies develop against the self in what kind of hypersensitivity reactions?
Type II (cytotoxic)
Type II (receptor) hypersensitivity rxn: what does Ig do?
Lands on a receptor and either turns it off or turns it up
Immune deposition describes what kind of hypersensitivity? What causes this?
Type III hypersensitivity; agent bound to antibodies that get stuck in small vessels
1) When will type III hypersensitivity occur?
2) What does it do to the body? Give 3 examples
1) Systemic disease; lupus
2) Destroys good tissue; vasculitis, arthritis, kidney dz
Destruction of articular cartilage and bone causing disabling arthritis is characteristic of what?
Rheumatoid arthritis
1) Is RA systemic or local? Explain
2) What causes the disabling arthritis?
1) Systemic; mainly joints
2) Destruction of articular cartilage and bone
Rheumatoid arthritis is and example of Type _______ hypersensitivity
IV
Name a systemic autoimmune disease that is mainly caused by nuclear antigens
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
1) What condition has inherited susceptibility in Class II MHC and complement genes
2) What type of hypersensitivity is it?
1) Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
2) Type III Hypersensitivity
True or false: AIDS is just a collection of disorders associated w HIV
True
Name a retrovirus that kills helper T cells
HIV
List the 3 ways to contract HIV
1) Sexual contact (75%)
2) Parenteral inoculation (IV drug users, blood transfusions)
3) Vertical
Acute phase of HIV infection:
1) What is infected?
2) Are there Sx?
3) Define seroconversion
1) Memory T cells
2) Signs of systemic infection
3) Immune system responds and antibodies against HIV appear (1-6 months)
Acute phase of HIV infection: What happens toward the end of this stage?
T cell numbers return to nearly normal; replicates in CD4+ T cells and macrophages
Chronic phase (clinical latency) of HIV infection:
1) What is the virus doing?
2) Are there Sx?
3) What is happening w the CD4 cells?
1) Replicating
2) Minor [infections]
3) # of CD4+ cells begin to decline; greater numbers of surviving CD4+ cells are infected
When do immune defenses diminish with HIV?
Toward the end of chronic phase (clinical latency)
Rejection of solid organ transplants:
1) What initiates it?
2) Treatment of graft rejection relies on what?
1) Host T cells that recognize the foreign HLA antigens of the graft
2) Immunosuppressive drugs, which inhibit immune responses against the graft.
Amyloidosis:
1) What is it?
2) What defines it?
3) How is definitive Dx made?
1) Group of conditions where extracellular deposits of fibrillar proteins are responsible for tissue damage and functional compromise.
2) Based on the physical properties of the fibers
3) Only by demonstrating amyloid in tissue, which requires biopsy
List 5 traits of the adaptive immune system
1) Specific chemical responses
2) More effective
3) Memory component
4) Lymphocytes
5) Deficiencies in immune defenses and inappropriate activation both cause disease
