Lecture 1.2: mutation + single gene Flashcards
1) Define polymorphism
2) Is this its only defining characteristic?
1) Two or more versions of an allele, with each comprising at least 1% of the population
2) Yes
Define locus and what it looks like when it’s large or small
1) “Locus” (Latin for location) is a segment of DNA occupying a particular position or location on a chromosome (plural “loci”)
-May be large: a segment with many genes
-May be tiny: one base in the DNA code
1) Alternative versions of a locus on the DNA code are called what?
2) What do changes between these result from?
1) “Alleles”
2) Mutation
1) The most common version (accounting for more than 50%) is called the _________________ or _____________ allele”
2) Alternative to this are the ___________ or ___________ alleles
1) “wild type” or “common allele”
2) “mutant” or “variant”
1) Define genotype
2) Define phenotype
1) The genetic material in a person – in a specific locus the two alleles occupying that locus on two homologues
2) The expressed physical traits of the genotype
1) Define mutation
2) Will it always effect fitness to the envt?
3) What mediates it?
1) Random change to the DNA structure
2) May or not effect fitness to the environment
3) Selection
List the 3 categories of mutation (largest to smallest by size)
1) Chromosomal mutation
2) Regional or subchromosomal mutations
3) Gene mutation
Define chromosomal mutation and its outcome
Mutation accounting for all or most of a chromosome
-Most always leads to disease or death
1) Define Regional or subchromosomal mutations
2) Define gene mutation. Is it always a big deal?
1) The middle ground between gene mutation and chromosomal
2) Alteration of involving substitution, deletion, or insertion of DNA – from single nucleotide to arbitrary limit of 100kb
-Can be benign or a “big deal”
1) Our cells make what from DNA?
2) The alterations that wind up on the _________ strand are the mutations we are talking about
3) In order to create a phenotypic difference, where does the DNA mutation have to be carried over to?
1) RNA
2) protein
3) To RNA and translated into the protein
True or false: Some mutations occur in DNA or RNA only – and sometimes there’s no change in the protein!
True
What 3 questions should you ask to figure out if a change in DNA structure will correspond w a change in protein?
1) Does the mutation occur in a coding segment?
2) Does it substantively change the codon?
3) Does the change in polypeptide composition change the function of the protein?
1) Define Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)
2) What does it usually have?
3) Where do most occur?
1) Multiple versions of nucleotide base at single location “substitution
2) Usually has but two alleles
3) Non-coding portions of DNA
1) More than 100K ________ SNP’s have been discovered
2) Half of these do not alter the amino acid sequence (called “________________”)
3) Those that alter amino acid sequence are “________________”
1) exonic
2) synonymous
3) nonsynonymous
List 2 significant changes caused by Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)
1) Altering or introducing a stop codon
2) Altering a splice site where introns/exons are altered
1) How many base pairs can Indels (Insertion / deletion polymorphisms) occur in?
2) How many alleles do most “simple” indels have? What does this mean?
3) What is another type of indel besides “simple”? What are these?
1) As few as one base pair, and as many as ~1000
2) Two; basically, the presence or absence of the inserted/deleted segment
3) “Microsatellite”; have multiple short repeats of the inserted segment
1) Give an example of a microsatellite indel
2) What does this make? What are these called?
1) Instead of a single instance of TGT, you see TGTTGTTGTTGTTGT
2) Many different alleles, depending upon how many repeats there are. Called STR polymorphisms
(“short tandem repeat”; tandem means “length”)
1) What can be unique and used to identify individuals and families
2) Microsatellite loci are known to researchers and number in the _____________
1) Microsatellite indels
2) thousands
What is involved in DNA fingerprinting?
Microsatellite indels
1) Mobile Element Insertion Polymorphisms consist of what? Give examples
2) What happens to these? What is this called?
3) What is this process called? What is it similar to?
1) Repetitive elements (think Alu and LINE)
2) Transcribed into RNA, then reverse transcribed back into the DNA code, but at a different locus; retrotranscription
3) Insertion (i.e. transposition); processed pseudogenes
1) What are Copy Number Variants?
2) What are the largest of these called?
3) The allelic variation comes from what?
1) Up to hundreds of thousands of base pairs long
2) “Segdups” (segmental duplications)
3) The number of copies
Regarding copy number variants:
1) True or false: The larger the number of copies inserted, the more variation
2) If these do include genetic material, what can they do? Why is this a big deal?
1) True
2) Alter gene dosage; it’s like giving yourself multiple copies of a given gene
Give an example of a copy number variant
Down syndrome
1) Define inversion polymorphism
2) When does it often happen?
1) A portion of the sequence is “flipped around”
2) During recombination
(recombination is the same thing as “crossing over”)